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"Germán Alirio Ospina Castro (born March 28, 1972 in La Unión, Valle del Cauca) is a retired male road cyclist from Colombia, who was a professional rider from 1996 to 1997. Career ;1996 :1st in Stage 3 Clásico Mundo Ciclistico (COL) :1st in Stage 12 Vuelta a Colombia (COL) :1st in General Classification Clásica de El Carmen de Viboral (COL) ;1997 :1st in General Classification Vuelta a Antioquia (COL) :1st in General Classification Clásica a Itagüí (COL) References * Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:People from Valle del Cauca Department Category:Colombian male cyclists Category:Vuelta a Colombia stage winners "
"Deposit notice on a bottle sold in continental U.S. indicating the container's deposit value in various states; "CA CRV" means California Redemption ValueThe Tennessee Bottle Bill is citizen-supported container-deposit recycling legislation, which if enacted will place a 5-cent deposit on beverage containers sold in Tennessee. The bill applies to containers made of aluminum/bimetal, glass or any plastic, containing soft drinks, beer/malt beverages, carbonated or non-carbonated waters, plain or flavored waters, energy drinks, juices, iced teas or iced coffees. Milk/dairy, nutritional drinks and wine and spirits are not included in the program. The chief goals of the measure, recently rebranded TennCan, are to reduce litter, increase recycling, create green jobs, support sustainable manufacturing and generate funding, training and other benefits for social-service agencies, community causes and other nonprofit entities in Tennessee. Proposed legislation The proposed legislation has undergone numerous revisions since it was first introduced by two Republican legislators in 2003. Need RECYCLING: Tennessee consumes more than 5 billion beverage containers a year, according to the Container Recycling Institute, but recycles no more than 10 percent of them, according to the state's solid waste management agency. The proposed deposit-return legislation is projected to increase the recycling rate to approximately 80 percent, based on data in states with similar programs, while providing reliable quantities of high-quality recycled feedstock for manufacturers in Tennessee and the Southeast, especially those producing beverage cans, carpet, glass bottles and fiberglass. LITTER: Tennessee spends an estimated $11 million a year on litter abatement. Its principal agency for litter collection is the "county litter grants" program within the department of transportation (TDOT). Since 1982, the program has used a "litter tax" on beverages to fund regular cleanups by work-release inmates from the county jails (the tax also funds Keep Tennessee Beautiful, the state affiliate of Keep America Beautiful.) From FY 2003–2004 to FY 2015–2016, litter grant collections averaged 23.5 million pounds a year, with a high of 28.7 million pounds in FY 2003-2004 and a low of 17.4 million pounds in FY 2005–2006. Removing those high and the low years, the average is just slightly higher, 23.7 million pounds, or an average 3.73 pounds per capita. These data do not include litter collections along interstate and federal highways performed by TDOT contractors, nor do they include cleanups performed by volunteers, Keep Tennessee Beautiful affiliates, neighborhood groups, the annual Great American Cleanup or other groups or events. In order to put these numbers in context, the Tennessee Bottle Bill Project in 2006 sought to compare Tennessee's litter collections with those in Maine, which charges a 5-cent deposit on most beverages (15 cents on wine and spirits). Extrapolating from data provided by Maine's department of transportation (the only entity in the state that picks up litter on a regular basis), the Tennessee Bottle Bill Project determined that Maine's per-capita litter in 2006 was approximately one-quarter of a pound. Moreover, according to informal assessments in 2006 by Maine DOT personnel, roughly 10-20 percent of Maine's litter consists of beverage containers. In contrast, the Tennessee Bottle Bill Project estimates that 50 percent or more of Tennessee's litter, by volume, is beverage containers. This estimate is based on estimates by numerous groups involved with litter cleanups in Tennessee, including county sheriffs, county litter-grant deputies, environmental organizations, watershed protection groups and others; as well as on the results of an informal source-separated survey conducted in November 2006 by the Tennessee Bottle Bill Project, using volunteers across the state, including several jail crews. That survey found that of 645.5 13-gallon garbage bags filled as full as possible, 325.5 contained bottles and cans only, or 50.42 percent. How the proposed bill would work Under the proposed legislation, the state's environmental agency will have ultimate responsibility for the program, with the department of revenue providing accounting functions as well as management of the "deposit beverage container fund." The fund is the account into which all initial deposits and other revenues are placed, and from which all program expenses are paid, including reimbursements and allowances. Any reserves in the fund, including unclaimed deposits, belong to the program, may not revert to the state's general fund and may be used only for purposes authorized by the legislation. The 5-cent deposit is initiated by the beverage distributor and is collected by the department of revenue at the start of the cycle. The distributor recovers his deposit when he sells the product to a retailer; the retailer recovers his deposit when he sells the product to a customer; the customer recovers his deposit when he takes the empty container to a certified redemption center; the redemption center owner recovers his deposit when he sells the cancelled container to a certified processor; and the certified processor recovers his deposit when he invoices the bottle bill program for reimbursement. Certified redemption centers are the heart of the program. They are independent businesses (storefront, portable, mobile, reverse vending machine or satellite kiosks) that have been authorized by the program to accept qualifying containers from the public, determine the quantity, issue the refunds, sort the containers by material and/or color (not by brand or bottler), and sell the sorted (and in some cases compacted) containers to a certified processor. The certified processor (typically a scrap yard, materials recovery facility, curbside recycling provider or dedicated collection and recycling service) then bales, shreds or otherwise adds value to the sorted containers before selling them to manufacturers or other processors. In addition to paying market prices for the containers, the certified processor pays the redemption center the refund value of 5 cents plus an "overhead allowance" equal to 1 cent (maximum) per container. The processor then invoices the bottle bill program for the sum of these two amounts, as well as "administrative allowance" of one-tenth of a cent per container to defray his costs for associated paperwork and record-keeping. Some redemption centers may be authorized as "depots," expanded facilities where the public may drop off non- deposit glass (such as wine bottles and food jars) as well as other recyclables, for instance, electronics. Redemption centers may be owned by any entity meeting certification requirements, including individuals, retailers and other businesses, local government entities, including county solid waste convenience centers and not-for-profit organizations. The current version of the legislation (introduced in 2018) requires that every redemption center either be owned or operated by a nonprofit entity such as an agency serving the homeless or the handicapped, or it must maintain an ongoing "beneficial relationship" with at least one such entity in the area, such as a school, library, animal shelter or Little League team. "Beneficial relationship" will be defined by the program but may include hosting bottle drives or donation bins for the nonprofit. Potential issues One aspect of beverage recycling laws that has come into question is illegal redemption from outside states. Michigan, which offers 10 cents for every can and bottle recycled, has faced issues of fraudulent returns from neighboring states. None of Tennessee's neighbor states currently has beverage deposit laws. See also *Container-deposit legislation in the United States *Recycling in the United States References External links * Tennessee Bottle Bill Project * The Bottle Battle * Bottle Bill Resource Guide Category:Recycling in the United States Category:Proposed laws of the United States Category:Container deposit legislation "
"Referee Ashley Klein awards a penalty Rugby league match officials are responsible for fairly enforcing the Laws of the Game from a neutral point of view during a match of rugby league football and imposing penalties for deliberate breaches of these Laws. The most senior match official is the referee. They may be assisted by a range of other officials depending on the level and rules of the competition. Equipment The match officials may use the following equipment: ;Coin :The referee organises a coin toss with the team captains,prior to the game commencing. To decide who kicks off and what end each team takes initially. ;Whistle :Referees must carry a whistle to stop play and then signal to players about many decisions during a game.RLIF, 2004: 43 A referee will let players know when they can take a kick-off or optional kick by using his whistle, for example, as well as to stop after foul play or while awarding a try at other times in a game. ;Red card :A red card is used to signal that a player is being sent from the field, or "sent off", for the rest of a match by the referee holding it aloft in the direction of that player. In some competitions a red card is not used and a player is simply pointed to the touch line by the referee. A referee sends a player to the "sin bin" for ten minutes. Spread fingers are used as the signal instead of a yellow card. ;Yellow card :A yellow card is used to signal that a player is being temporarily suspended from the game. The player is sent to the "sin bin" for 10 minutes, after which time they are allowed to return to carry on playing.RLIF, 2004: 42 In some competitions a yellow card is not used, instead the referee, while facing the player being disciplined, will hold out both hands with fingers and thumbs spread to represent 10 minutes. ;Flag :The two touch judges each carry a flag which is used to signal certain things to both the referee and players.RLIF, 2004: 44 If the ball or the player in possession of it goes into touch the touch judge will raise their flag into the air. Touch judges hold their flags in front of them perpendicular to the touch line so that defenders know how far to retreat to be onside in situations when the referee is unable to because of other responsibilities, for example at a scrum. The flags are also waved to draw the referee's attention to incidents and are raised behind the goal posts to signal that a penalty goal or conversion attempt has been successful, or waved at waist-height to indicate an unsuccessful kick. In international and professional matches, touch judge use flags that are electronically hooked up to a receiver worn by the main referee, similar to those used in high-level soccer. By pushing a button on the flag handle, the receiver vibrates or beeps, thus drawing the referee's attention. ;Microphone and earpiece :The referee, touch judges and video referee can remain in constant contact by using microphones and earpieces. The referee's microphone is broadcast as part of media match presentations. Uniform Match officials on the playing field including the referee, touch judges and in-goal judges all wear an official uniform of a colour distinguishable from those being worn by the two sides playing each other. These uniforms have no special markings to signify the official capacity of the wearer, instead this can be identified by the positioning and equipment of the official. Refereeing systems Different refereeing systems are in use: ;Laws of the Game :A referee and two touch judges are mandated for games.RLIF, 2004: 41 A timekeeper is an optional official. ;International competition :A referee, two touch judges, video referee and timekeeper. ;Professional leagues :National Rugby League, Australasia: Two referees, two touch judges, video referee, timekeeper. :Super League, Europe: A referee, two touch judges, video referee, reserve referee/official(s), timekeeper, match commissioner, interchange official. In-goal judges are used if the video referee is not being used for a match. Positions and responsibilities=Referee Referees must be well-sighted. Here a referee watches an attempt to score. Unsighted referees might consult with the video referee if needed. The players of each team should be made available for kit inspection.RFL, 2009: B2:11, p15 The referee inspects the playing kit of the two teams to ensure it is within the rules, safety is the main concern. The boots worn by players can be of particular interest so as to make sure that there are no sharp edges. The strapping worn by some players has also been scrutinised. The referee organises a coin toss with the captains of the two teams playing to decide which team kicks off and which end they play at from kick-off. Referees may take disciplinary action from the moment they enter the playing field until the moment they leave it after they have blown their whistle to signal full- time.Hickey, 2006: 6 The referee may blow for half time and full-time when those periods have elapsed, or after hearing the hooter if responsibility has been delegated. Potential top level referees must first pass refereeing exams set by a governing body, such as the Rugby Football League in the United Kingdom, before officiating at progressively more senior levels of the sport, gaining experience in amateur competitions and then moving onto the professional leagues where they will progress to the top if good enough. Referees need to be "very fit", with physical training being a requirement at a professional level of competition. Good communication skills, an ability to "handle top athletes with respect and authority" and being able to operate under pressure and scrutiny have been cited as by Stuart Cummings, a former referee, as skills needed to control a game. Full-time referees have been used in the Super League professional competition since 2007. =Referee's signals= The referee having made a decision should indicate that decision by using a signal.RLIF, 2004: 46 Touch judge Touch judges watch play from each touchline Two touch judges are used in a rugby league game.Hickey, 2006: 7 They move along each touch line following play. Their main function is to judge when the ball or a player carrying the ball has gone into touch. They also stand together behind the goal posts to judge whether conversions or penalty kicks at goal have been successful. =Touch judges' signals= The touch judges cannot stop play but can signal the referee to enable them to assist the referee.RLIF, 2004: 49 Video referee The screen is used to signal the video referee's decisions. Unlike other sports, the video screen in the venue makes the announcement, not the referee. The video referee may be called upon by the referee to examine the play in possible tries. In the Super League competition they can examine play from the preceding play-the-ball. A video referee may also be asked to check whether an attempted 40-20 kick has been successful and sometimes called upon by the referee if there is a stoppage to check events before making a decision. Once a decision has been made by the on field referee, the video referee may not overrule it. The video referee was first seen in Australia at the 1996 Super League World Nines. The use of the video referee has led to new rule interpretations. In Northern Hemisphere competitions, the video referee is stationed at the ground itself, usually in either the TV production truck or a special booth inside the stadium, while in the NRL a group of video referees make decisions on all matches from "The Bunker", a specially-constructed facility near league headquarters in Sydney modeled after similar instant-replay rooms used by American sports leagues like MLB or the NHL. In-goal judge In-goal judges may be used if no video referee system is present at a match to assist the referee in his decision making. Timekeeper The referee shall keep the time during a game unless this responsibility is delegated to an appointed official. Delegation of responsibility is usually decided by the rules of a competition, it is standard practice for professional competitions to use an appointed official in place of the referee. The British Rugby Football League's Operational Rules, for example, require the home team to provide a timekeeper for first team games with the away team being entitled to bring their own to sit alongside their opponent's representative.RFL, 2009: B2:8, p14 The timekeepers signal half time and full-time as well as extra time periods if they are played.RLIF, 2004: 17 When time has expired the timekeepers sound the hooter, at this signal the referee will blow his whistle to end play at an existing stoppage or wait for the next one to occur.RLIF, 2004: 16 A referee can signal by raising both arms to a timekeeper to take account of stoppage time and to stop their watch until signalled again by waving one arm above their head to carry on timing. A timekeeper may be used to assist the referee in timing the temporary suspension (sin bin) of a player. Match Commissioner The Match Commissioner is responsible for the whole game. They ensure the game kicks off on time and any incidents that may arise are brought to the attention of the Rugby Football League. This is an essential role as it allows the game to run consistently without any interruptions Interchange Official The Interchange Official ensures that the interchange process is carried out smoothly and legally. No interchange can take place without the Interchange Official present. Usually, the Interchange Official will be responsible for the home team's interchange and the Reserve Referee/Official will be responsible for the away team's interchange. See also *Touch match officials *NRL match officials *RFL match officials References=In-lineGeneral Category:Sports officiating "