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"An insane Heracles is depicted killing his son while Megara stands horrified on the right side of the scene (National Archaeological Museum, Madrid, c. 350-320 B.C.E.) In Greek mythology, Megara (; Ancient Greek: Μεγάρα) was a Theban princess and the first wife of the hero Heracles. Family Megara was the eldest daughter of Creon, King of Thebes, who was possibly the brother of Jocasta and uncle of Oedipus.Apollodorus, Library, 2.4.11, 2.7.8 If Creon is the same figure, Megara's mother is likely Creon's wife Eurydice, and she would be the sister of Menoeceus (Megareus), Lycomedes, Haemon, and Pyrrha. Accounts of the names and number of Megara and Heracles children vary based on the author.The number of Megara's sons varies according to the source; the Theban tradition made them eight (Kerényi, pp. 185-186, notes Pindar's Fourth Isthmian Ode) but Euripides' Heracles reduced them to three, possibly, according to Kerényi, p. 186, for the exigencies of his stage tradition. According to the mythographer Apollodorus, Megara was the mother of three sons by Heracles named Therimachus, Creontiades, and Deicoon. Dinias the Argive included the three children named by Apollodorus, however, he also added a fourth named Deion.Frazer, note 3 to 2.7.8, which notes that "other writers gave different lists". Theban poet Pindar states that Megara bore Heracles eight sons. Alternatively, the Roman mythographer Hyginus named their sons as Therimachus and Ophites.Hyginus, Fabulae 31, 32, 72. Mythology Heracles kills his son while Megara stands by Megara was married to Heracles by her father as a reward for the hero after he led the defense of Thebes against the Minyans at Orchomenus, and the couple had several sons together.Apollodorus, Library, 2.4.11 Hera sent Heracles into a fit of temporary madness due to her hatred for him. In his madness, Heracles killed their children either by shooting them with arrows or by throwing them into a fire.Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 4.11.1Apollodorus, Library, 2.4.12 Whether Megara also died as a result of this attack depended on the author.Euripides, Heracles 1001; Hyginus, Fabulae 31.8, 241. In some sources, after Heracles completed his Twelve Labours, Megara married Heracles' nephew Iolaus and became the mother of Leipephilene by him.Apollodorus, 2.6.1.Plutarch, Moralia "The Dialogue on Love / Erotikos / Amatoria", Loeb, V. XII, p.339 Heracles' desire to atone for the murders of his wife and children is typically cited as the catalyst for becoming a slave to his cousin Eurystheus and performing the Twelve Labours. Euripides presents an alternative order of events in his tragedy, Heracles, as it was the completion of the twelve labour, retrieving Cerberus from Hades that begun the agon. The play begins with Megara, her children, and Amphitryon as suppliants at an altar seeking refuge from the tyrant Lykos who threatens them as Heracles is in the underworld. Heracles returns to save his family, but Iris and the spirit of madness, Lyssa, cause him to go mad and kill Megara and their children since he believes he is attacking Lykos. Roman playwright Seneca the Younger retells a similar story in his play Hercules Furens. While in the underworld, Odysseus sees Megara, but does not elaborate on her mythology beyond stating she was the daughter of Creon and the former wife of Heracles.Homer, Odyssey, 11.265 The Hellenistic poem Megara by an unknown author presented a dialogue at Tiryns between a mournful Megara and Heracles's mother Alcmene as the former grieves her children and Heracles's absence during his labours.Anonymous, Megara Cult dedicated to Megara's children The sons of Heracles appear to have been incorporated into Heracles hero cult at Thebes who were celebrated at a festival known as the Herakleia where a feast was prepared in honour of Heracles above the “Elektran Gates” and sacrifices were made. The hero-tombs of the children of Heracles and Megara in Thebes they were venerated as the Chalkoarai."Those on whom fell a curse of bronze" (Kerényi, p. 186). NotesReferences * Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. * Euripides, Heracles, translated by E. P. Coleridge in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. Volume 1. New York. Random House. 1938. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. * Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website. * Kerényi, Carl, The Heroes of the Greeks, Thames and Hudson, London, 1959. * Pindar, Odes translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. * Pindar, The Odes of Pindar including the Principal Fragments with an Introduction and an English Translation by Sir John Sandys, Litt.D., FBA. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1937. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. External links * Megara, Hercules' first wife Category:Princesses in Greek mythology Category:Theban mythology Category:Ancient Thebans Category:Women of Heracles "
"The Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex, located in downtown Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, is the administrative hub of the government of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. At the center of the complex is the State Capitol with its gilt and marble halls, vast rotunda, murals and sculpture, sparkling crystals and gold leaf. The Capitol Complex is the location of many of state agencies, as well as classic buildings, parks, plazas, fountains, and celebrated statuary. The following buildings/sites make up the Capitol Complex: { class="wikitable sortable" - ! Building ! Image ! Address ! Height ! Floors ! Built ! Notes - ! Pennsylvania State Capitol 100px 501 North 3rd Street 5 1906 Contains the House of Representatives, Senate, offices for the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, and the Supreme Court's Harrisburg chamber - ! Rachel Carson State Office Building 400 Market Street 17 1990 Named for environmentalist Rachel Carson. Contains the Departments of Conservation and Natural Resources and Environmental Protection - ! Labor and Industry Building 651 Boas Street 18 1955 Contains the Department of Labor and Industry. - ! Governor's Residence 100px 2035 North Front Street 2 1968 Official residence of the Governor of Pennsylvania - ! Health and Welfare Building 100px 625 Forster Street 11 1955 Contains the Departments of Health and Public Welfare - ! Matthew Ryan Legislative Office Building 100px Southwardly adjacent to the Capitol Building unknown 5 1893 Named for former Speaker of the Pennsylvania House Matthew J. Ryan. Contains offices for members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. - ! Commonwealth Keystone Building 400 North Street unknown 10 2001 Houses offices of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and other state agencies. Replaced the 13-story Transportation and Safety Building which was built in 1963 and demolished in 1998. - bgcolor="efefef" - ! K. Leroy Irvis Office Building 450 Commonwealth Avenue unknown 7 1921 Named for former Speaker of the Pennsylvania House K. Leroy Irvis - ! North Office Building 401 North Street unknown 7 1928 - ! Northwest Office Building Capital and Forster Streets unknown 7 1939 Contains the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board. - ! Forum Building 607 South Drive unknown 6 1931 Contains the State Library - ! Finance Building 613 North Street unknown 5 1939 Contains the Pennsylvania Department of Finance. - ! Pennsylvania Judicial Center 100px 601 Commonwealth Avenue unknown 9 2010 Contains the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court. - ! Pennsylvania State Archives 100px 350 North Street unknown 20 1964 - ! State Museum of Pennsylvania 100px North 3rd and North Streets unknown 5 1964 - ! Strawberry Square 100px 303 Walnut Street 16 1980 Houses the offices of the State Civil Service Commission as well as the State Department of Revenue - ! Forum Place 555 Walnut Street unknown 9 1996 Houses Office of Budget and Social Security - ! 333 Market Street Tower 333 Market Street 22 1978 Houses the Pennsylvania Department of Education. Tallest Building in Harrisburg and the tallest building in Pennsylvania outside of Pittsburgh and Philadelphia } See also * List of Harrisburg neighborhoods * United States Capitol Complex References *City of Harrisburg - Capitol Complex overview *emporis.com: Capitol Complex profile *skyscraperpage.com: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania profile * Category:Buildings and structures in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania * "
"Board wargaming in the modern, commercial sense have generally concentrated on gameplay designed for two or more participants. While playing solitaire (i.e., alone) is possible with any game, it is generally done so as an exercise in analysis rather than for enjoyment. History Commercial solitaire wargames have existed from at least the early 1970s. Operation Olympic was perhaps the earliest and was published in 1974. A solitaire game is a form of puzzle, though the enjoyment of solitaire games are as much in the playing as in the eventual solving of the puzzle. A well designed solitaire game attempts to immerse the player in the subject matter, forcing him to make decisions of the same kind made by his historical counterparts who participated in the actual battles or events being simulated. The best games do this through presenting gameplay options based on reality rather than artificial game restraints. One of the first solitaire board wargames was Iwo Jima, a magazine game by TSR and released in 1983. That same year, Avalon Hill produced B-17, Queen of the Skies, possibly the very first boxed solitaire board wargame. Ambush! is arguably the most successful solitaire board wargame ever made, appearing in 1984 and having spawned three add on games, a companion series of two games, a two-player version, and a similar game focusing on armor in the Second World War. Another solitaire man to man game to appear in 1984 was Ranger by Omega Games, which focused on patrolling missions in a fictional and speculative conflict in Central America. Ambush! appears to have validated the concept of designing specifically for solitaire play, as other very ambitious and innovative titles appeared in its wake. These include: *Mosby's Raiders (Victory Games, 1985) *Eastern Front Solitaire (Omega Games, 1986) *Raid on St. Nazaire (Avalon Hill, 1987) *Tokyo Express (Victory Games, 1988) *Open Fire (Victory Games, 1988) *Solitaire Advanced Squad Leader (Avalon Hill, 1995) Recently, there have been several downloadable titles for solitaire play on wargamedownloads.com, such as Solitaire Caesar, Barbarossa Solitaire and Vietnam Solitaire. Design The key concept in solitaire games is the creation of a simulated opponent. While Iwo Jima relied on the static nature of the Japanese defences to avoid the need for another human player, and B-17 created opposition by the use of simple charts and dice rolls, Ambush! had an innovative set of "mission cards" that one read in a view sleeve, with entries corresponding to the hexes on the game map. The view sleeve would reveal three digit numbers, corresponding to numbered entries in a book of paragraphs, which would orient the player to the game's situation, activate the simulated opponent, or simply provide atmosphere. The game was heavily action-adventure oriented and had a considerable role playing component. The paragraph booklet also guided the opponent's actions, and each character on the opposing side also had a small card with attributes and a table for selecting paragraphs to guide their actions during gameplay. Ranger was also paragraph driven, but lacked counters and was more abstract (and perhaps realistic) as a result. Combat! by Ross Mortell and Compass Games uses a card based initiative track system to determine the order that enemy units act to simulate a "human" opponent more realistically. B-17, Queen of the Skies can be looked at as an example of an unsuccessful solitaire board wargame from the point of view of design. The player was presented with no realistic challenges akin to what a historical B-17 pilot would have faced. While the real challenge for a B-17 pilot was the physical task of keeping the aircraft aloft and in formation, these challenges are obviously absent from the game. The navigator and bombardier of a real B-17 had many challenges also, but again, these physical challenges are not simulated at all in the game. The only real decisions to be made are which machineguns to fire at which enemy fighters, and there is often little real decision making even in this. The game is more of an effects simulator, in that a variety of random events and aircraft damage are simulated through the tables and dice rolls, but the player is generally simply a spectator to the events of the game. Tokyo Express, on the other hand, had a well-designed solitaire system. > In TOKYO EXPRESS, the solitaire player represents a U.S. admiral...The game > was designed to make the player experience the suspense, uncertainty and > confusion of command in a night surface action. No "hidden" paragraphs ae > involved as with so many other solitaire games; the game is replayable again > and again. From Riding the Express: An Introduction to Tokyo Express by > Jonathan Southard, Volume 25, Number 4, The General Magazine. One disadvantage of solitaire games is that the player has few checks and balances on his understanding of the game rules. Given a lack of shared experience with a human opponent who is using and required to understand the same game rules, misinterpretations are more possible. > One of the things I dislike most is to find out that I've been playing a > game incorrectly...It happened to me most recently playing RAID ON ST. > NAZAIRE; I read the rules carefully (I thought) and then went through them > again as I played my first game. Things went fine, but as the game > progressed and I dove back into the rulebook to clear up certain questions, > I began to discover that I hadn't been counting movement costs correctly, > that I had allowed guns to fire that weren't supposed to, that German units > that should have appeared automatically hadn't, and a few other things. It's > my own fault. It's a solitaire game; who else can I blame? From A Travel > Guide to St. Nazaire: Your Very First Raid by Bob Proctor, Volume 24, Number > 4, The General Magazine. A drawback of solitaire game systems is the balance between immersion and replayability. Ambush! has much more detail in its game system, but also relies heavily on surprise, and hence replayability of individual missions is low. Other games like Tokyo Express or B-17 are infinitely replayable, but because of the dice-driven effects and opponent activation, the game is less immersive and does not sustain the average gamer's interest as long. Legacy Although the number of board war games and publishers have dramatically increased since the wargaming hobby first gained popularity in the late 1970s and early 1980s, solitaire board wargaming has experienced the opposite trend during the same time period. Few solitaire titles have been released since the 1980s, perhaps a notable exception being Solitaire Advanced Squad Leader in 1995. The simulated opponent in SASL was created through tables and charts in a special chapter of the Advanced Squad Leader Rulebook. Nonetheless, Omega Games has released a new, updated version of Ranger for 2005, along with the two original expansion kits (now merged into one). There has also been a resurgence in Solitaire gaming over the past 10 years. There have been a number of newer games developed that are played only as a solitaire game or have a dedicated portion of the rules to be used in solitaire play. For example, there have been a number of fantasy/sci-fi board games that play very well as one player games, even though they were also designed as multi-player games. These games include Dungeon Quest, Runebound, and Dungeon Twister 2. There has also been a rise in cooperative games that are very playable as solitaire games, such as Pandemic, Arkham Horror and Vanished Planet. The past few years have also seen a resurgence in solitaire war games that have new and innovative systems. These would include games such as Hornet Leader, RAF, Field Commander Rommel, Silent War, Struggle for the Galactic Empire, Where There is Discord, The Hunters: German U-Boats at War, and Ottoman Sunset. This is by no means an exhaustive list. There are many more solitaire games that already exist and still more that are currently in production. This is somewhat surprising, given that such games theoretically should be easier to play on a computer. However, there is no substitute for the feel of the pieces and the view of the map provided in paper and chit games. In addition, the artificial intelligence in computer gaming is often lacking and not as challenging as a solitaire board game. This would should be counter intuitive, but nonetheless, it is often very true. Category:Board wargames "