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"Dry fly fishing is an angling technique in which the lure is an artificial fly which floats on the surface of the water and does not get wet. Developed originally for trout fishing, it is sometimes regarded as the supreme fishing sport, owing to its difficulty in both manual dexterity and understanding of the fish in its environment. The fish and the dry fly Fly angler on the Firehole River, USA Fly fishing for trout can be done using various methods and types of flies. Trout mostly feed near the bed of the stream, where wet flies and especially nymphs are used. They typically only come to the surface to feed when there is a large bug hatch during which thousands of aquatic insects grow wings and leave the water to mate and lay eggs. Particularly during the summer months and on smaller mountain streams, trout also often feed on terrestrial insects such as ants, beetles and grasshoppers when they fall onto the water surface. It is on these surface-feeding occasions that the dry fly can be an effective lure. At certain times, salmon will also rise to a fly on the surface and dry flies may also be used to fish for them.Dodd, G. L. Ashley; "Dry Fly Fishing for Salmon and Sea Trout", in Hunter (1926). The aim of dry-fly fishing is to mimic the downstream drifting of a real fly on the surface of the water. To be successful it requires both manual skill and a good knowledge of the fish and its surroundings. It is also a pleasurable occupation on a slow, dreamy Summer's day. Because of this it gained a reputation as the aristocrat of angling sports, superior to all other kinds of angling.Dunne, J. W.; The Fly on the Water, in Hunter (1926). Angling technique Fly fishing on the Gardner River in Yellowstone National Park, USA Dry fly fishing uses a line and flies that float. They are joined by a fine 3 to 5 meters long leader, typically of nylon monofilament line, which is tapered so that it is nearly invisible where the fly is knotted, and the angler can replace the last meter or so of nylon as required. Most of a trout's food is carried to it on the current, so they tend to face upstream with their attention focused into the current. Trout fishermen therefore prefer to begin downstream of the fish's suspected lie and work upstream into the current. Trout can see a wide area around them, so the angler must stay not only downstream of the fish, but also as low to the ground and as far from the bank as possible, moving upstream with stealth.Dunne (1924) Trout tend to strike their food at current "edges", where faster- and slower-moving waters mix. Obstructions to the stream flow, such as large rocks or nearby pools, provide a "low energy" environment where fish sit and wait for food without expending much energy. Casting upstream to the edge of the slower water, the angler can see the fly land and drift slowly back downstream. The fly should land softly, as if dropped onto the water, with the leader fully extended from the fly line. The challenge in stream fishing is to place the fly with deadly accuracy, within inches of a protective rock for instance, to mimic the behaviour of a real fly. When done properly, the fly appears to be just floating along in the current with a "perfect drift" as if not connected to the fly line. The angler must remain vigilant for the "take" in order to be ready to raise the rod tip and set the hook. Due to rivers having faster and slower currents often running side by side, the fly can overtake or be overtaken by the line, thus disturbing the fly's drift. Mending is a technique whereby one lifts and moves the part of the line that requires re-aligning with the fly's drift, thus extending the drag free drift. The mend can be upstream or downstream depending on the currents carrying the line or fly. To be effective, any mending of the fly line should not disturb the natural drift of the fly. Learning to mend is often much easier if the angler can see the fly. Unlike wet fly fishing, the "take" on a dry fly is visible, explosive and exciting.Halford (1889), p.45. Right from the beginning, anglers often prefer dry fly fishing because of the relative ease of detecting a strike and the instant gratification of seeing a trout strike their fly. Nymph fishing may be more productive, but dry fly anglers can become addicted to the surface strike. Once a fish has been caught and landed, the fly may be wet and no longer float well. Flies can sometimes be dried by "false" casting back and forth in the air. With care, a small piece of reusable absorbent towel, an amadou patch or a Chamois leather may be used. A used dry fly which refuses to float may be replaced with another similar or identical fly while the original dries out more thoroughly, rotating through a set of flies. After drying a fly may need a fresh application of water-repellent fly "dressing" liquid. Dry flies A dry fly is designed to land softly on the surface of the water without breaking it and becoming wetted. It need not be inherently buoyant. They are often oiled or treated with another water repellent. Dry flies are generally considered to be freshwater flies. A dry fly may be of the imitation or attractor type. Imitations typically represent the adult form of an aquatic or terrestrial insect, such as the elk hair caddis, a caddisfly imitation.Jardine, Charles, Flies, Ties, and Techniques, Ivy Press, East Sussex, p. 6, p. 56, p.60, 2008 The small blue winged olive is another common fly, for which several imitators have been designed. A beginner may wish to begin with a fly that is easier to see, such as the Royal Wulff attractor or a mayfly imitation such as a parachute adams. The "parachute" on the parachute adams helps the fly to land as softly as a natural on the water and has the added benefit of making the fly very visible from the surface. Being able to see the fly easily is helpful to the beginner. A translucent fly seen from underneath with sunlight shining through it looks very different to a fly when out of the sun. Some dry flies, especially imitators, are especially designed to mimic this effect. J. W. Dunne developed a technique of painting the shaft of the hook white and wrapping it in translucent artificial silk, which he then oiled.Ransome, Arthur; Readers' Guides: Fishing, National Book League/Cambridge, 1955. (2003 reissue, p.8.) Salmon flies, such as the Parks' Salmonfly, are usually larger than trout flies. History Dry fly fishing first became a serious sport in the 19th century, with the publication by Frederic M. Halford of two books: Floating Flies and How to Dress Them and Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice. His artificials were designed to imitate real flies but they only did so under limited conditions. This led J. W. Dunne to develop a theory of trout vision, and from it a series of imitators intended for use in sunny weather, which he published in 1924 as Sunshine and the Dry Fly. Meanwhile G. E. M. Skues had begun promoting wet nymph fishing. He went on to popularise the use of attractors, designed to goad the fish rather than to fool it. Skues' approach outraged the traditionalists who favoured the dry fly and in 1938 the Flyfishers' Club staged what amounted to an inquisition hearing against him. However Skues' approach proved more effective in the majority of situations.Jennings (2010). Dry fly fishing has remained a popular sport. References =Notes= =Bibliography= *Dunne, J.W.; Sunshine and the Dry Fly, Black, 1924. *Halford, Frederic M.; Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice, Sampson Low, 1889. *Hunter, W.A. (Ed.) Fisherman's Pie: An Angling Symposium, Black, 1926. *Jennings, Luke; Blood Knots: A Memoir of Fathers, Friendship, and Fishing, Atlantic, 2010. Category:Recreational fishing Category:Fly fishing Category:Insects in culture "
"Franco Giorgio Cagnotto (; born 2 June 1947 in Turin, Piedmont) is a former diver from Italy, who competed in five consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1964. Biography Cagnotto's wife Carmen Casteiner and daughter Tania also represented Italy in diving. In 1992, he was inducted in the International Swimming Hall of Fame. See also * List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame References External links } * Diving at the Olympics on flipnrip Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Turin Category:Italian male divers Category:Olympic divers of Italy Category:Olympic silver medalists for Italy Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Italy Category:Divers at the 1964 Summer Olympics Category:Divers at the 1968 Summer Olympics Category:Divers at the 1972 Summer Olympics Category:Divers at the 1976 Summer Olympics Category:Divers at the 1980 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic medalists in diving Category:Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics Category:Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics Category:Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics Category:World Aquatics Championships medalists "
"Professor emeritus Hugh Stretton AC (15 July 1924 – 18 July 2015) was an Australian historian who wrote books on politics, urban planning and economics, and a Rhodes Scholar. He was a key figure in the development and implementation of government policies affecting cities, particularly during the Whitlam Government. Early life Stretton was born in Cambrai Private Hospital, St Kilda East, son of Victorian judge Len Stretton. He was educated at Mentone Grammar School and Scotch College, Melbourne for his secondary school years. He subsequently enrolled at the University of Melbourne for his undergraduate education. However, the ongoing Second World War interrupted his studies and he served in the Royal Australian Navy. He enlisted as a rating on 5 May 1943 having declined a commission. Stretton was posted to numerous supply depots and ships throughout his service, including HMAS Penguin in Sydney and two corvettes based out of Darwin. As a result of his, he did not complete his studies at Melbourne. Upon his demobilisation on 8 February 1946, he successfully enrolled as a Rhodes Scholar to study history at the University of Oxford. His application was supported by Sir Robert Menzies who wrote highly of him. Career He graduated Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts in 1948 and became a fellow in history at Balliol College. During this time, he also spent a year tutoring and reading history at Princeton University. Stretton remained at the College until he took up a position as Professor of History at the University of Adelaide in 1954, becoming the youngest professor in Australia at the time. He stepped down from this position in 1968 and was appointed Visiting Research Fellow with the University's Department of Economics. Upon his retirement from the University in 1989, he was awarded both with the title of emeritus professor of history and an honorary doctorate. He taught modern history and economics but wrote chiefly about town planning, housing policies, and social scientists' ways of explaining complex historical processes. He served as the deputy chair of the South Australian Housing Trust for 17 years at the behest of then-South Australian Premier Don Dunstan. Influences and ideas Stretton published several books on a wide range of topics. His first, The Political Sciences, was published in 1969 during his tenure as a Visiting Research Fellow at the Australian National University. He put forward ideas on the importance of urban development for the economic development of Australia which were heavily influenced by his study and personal experience of the National Capital Development Commission. =Ideas for Australian Cities= One of Stretton's first and best-known works, Ideas for Australian Cities, was privately published in 1970. It was widely-read and stirred considerable interest in the ideas that he presented. Stretton argued that the Australian suburb, much denigrated among professional architects and planners, was preferable to the agglomeration of large metropolises. He stressed its social benefits and smaller scale for creating a sense of community. He sought to approach urban issues from a historical and sociological perspective rather than a purely modernist or technical focus. He postulated that diversity of people within a city was essential for a successful living environment. However, he did not consider that increasing density was the best way to achieve this goal due to the loss of vegetation and social cohesion that he considered important. Because of his background in sociology and history, he was an early modern advocate of concepts now considered part of post-modernist planning methods. This included social considerations such as planning for children and encounter. He was able to tie in these ideas with his main contentions on the advantages of suburbs to health and wellbeing. At the time of the book's publication Australia was undergoing significant social and political change, culminating in the election of the socially-progressive Gough Whitlam as Prime Minister of Australia in 1972. Stretton was employed as a consultant to both state and federal governments over the period of the Whitlam Government's term and eventually worked with the newly established Department of Urban and Regional Development. This allowed him to have a significant impact on urban policies of the Whitlam Government over the course of his term in office. Legacy Hugh Stretton died after a long illness 18 July 2015, aged 91. His passing was mourned in many Australian newspapers, academic journals and other publications, with the Sydney Morning Herald calling him "one of Australia's leading public intellectuals". His work had a profound effect on discourse in Australia across many different fields. His writing, activism and teaching are credited with raising important contemporary issues and leading important public debates across many decades. Stretton's willingness to assist both state and federal governments with policy development in a wide range of roles brought many of his ideas into the mainstream thinking and actions of bureaucracies throughout recent Australian history. The Stretton Centre was established by the University of Adelaide in 2014 and the Government of South Australia as an institute to integrate industry, workplace and urban development. Honours Hugh Stretton was awarded the Centenary Medal in 2001, "for long service to the public housing sector".It's an Honour: Centenary Medal. Retrieved 16 September 2015 In the Queen's Birthday Honours on 2004, Hugh Stretton was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), at the time the highest honour within the Order of Australia. The citation reads "For service as a historian, social commentator and writer profoundly influencing and shaping ideas in the community on urban policy, town planning, and social and economic development".It's an Honour: AC. Retrieved 16 September 2015 In 2006, he was voted one of Australia's ten most influential public intellectuals A portrait of Hugh Stretton by Australian artist Robert Hannaford won the Peoples Choice Award in the 1991 Archibald Prize. References External links *ASSA biography *Obituaries Australia Category:1924 births Category:2015 deaths Category:Australian historians Category:Companions of the Order of Australia Category:Recipients of the Centenary Medal Category:University of Melbourne alumni Category:People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne Category:Australian Rhodes Scholars Category:Princeton University alumni Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford Category:Urban theorists "