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"Raver or ravers may refer to: Places * Raver, Maharashtra, a city in India * Raver (Vidhan Sabha constituency) * Raver (Lok Sabha constituency) People * Kim Raver (born 1969), American actress * Lorna Raver (born 1943), American actress Comics * Raver (comic), a 1993 comic book mini- series written by Walter Koenig and published by Malibu Comics **The Raver, superhero protagonist of the comic * Ravers, fictional spirits in the 1970s–1980s fantasy novel series "The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant, the Unbeliever" by Stephen R. Donaldson * The Ravers, the name of a team of DC Comics superheroes in a short-lived 1990s comic book series Superboy and the Ravers Music * "The Raver", a music gossip column published in the 1960s and 1970s in the consumer music weekly Melody Maker and now as an online column * "Ravers", a song by Quiet Riot from their 1977 self-titled album * The Ravers, the original name of 1970s new wave band The Nails Other uses * Raver, someone who attends a rave See also *Ravers (film) *Rave (disambiguation) * The Rave-Ups *Raven (disambiguation) "
"A cold trap is a concept in Planetary Sciences that describes an area cold enough to freeze (trap) volatiles. Cold-traps can exist on the surfaces of airless bodies or in the upper layers of an adiabatic atmosphere. On airless bodies, the ices trapped inside cold-traps can potentially remain there for geologic time periods, allowing us a glimpse into the primordial solar system. In adiabatic atmospheres, cold-traps prevent volatiles (such as water) from escaping the atmosphere into space. Cold-traps on airless planetary bodies The obliquity of some airless planetary bodies in our solar system such as Mercury, the Moon and Ceres is very close to zero. Harold Urey first noted that depressions or craters located near the poles of these bodies will cast persistent shadows that can survive for geologic time periods (million-billion years). The absence of an atmosphere prevents mixing by convection, rendering these shadows extremely cold. If molecules of volatiles such as water ice travel into these permanent shadows, they will become trapped for geologic time periods. = Studying cold-traps on airless bodies = As these shadows receive no insolation, most of the heat they receive is scattered and emitted radiation from the surrounding topography. Usually, horizontal heat conduction from adjacent warmer areas can be neglected due to the high porosity and therefore low thermal conductivity of the uppermost layers of airless bodies. Consequently, the temperatures of these permanent shadows can be modeled using ray casting or ray tracing algorithms coupled with 1D vertical heat conduction models. In some cases, such as bowl-shaped craters, it is possible to obtain an expression for the equilibrium temperature of these shadows. Additionally, the temperatures (and therefore the stability) of cold-traps can be remotely sensed by an orbiter. The temperatures of lunar cold-traps have been extensively studied by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner radiometer. On Mercury, evidence for ice deposits inside cold-traps has been obtained through radar, reflectance and visible imagery. On Ceres, cold-traps have been detected by the Dawn spacecraft. Atmospheric Cold-traps In atmospheric science, a cold-trap is a layer of the atmosphere that is substantially colder than both the deeper and higher layers. For example, for Earth's troposphere, the temperature of the air drops with increasing height reaching a low point (at about 20 kilometers height). This region is called a cold-trap, because it traps ascending gases with high melting points, forcing them to drop back into Earth. For humans, the most important gas to be kept in that way is water vapor. Without the presence of a cold-trap in the atmosphere, the water content would gradually escape into space, making life impossible. The cold trap retains one-tenth of a percent of the water in the atmosphere in the form of a vapor at high altitudes. Earth's cold-trap is also a layer which above ultraviolet intensity is strong, since higher up the amount of water vapor is negligible. Oxygen screens out ultraviolet intensity. Some astronomers believe that the lack of a cold trap is why the planets Venus and Mars both lost most of their liquid water early in their histories. Cold traps are thought to function for oxygen on Ganymede. References Category:Atmosphere "
"The Women's Museum of Australia is located in Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia. It aims to recognise the place of women in history, and particularly the role of women in Australia's development. It recognises "any woman who is a pioneer in her chosen field from settlement to present day". The museum was founded in 1993 by Molly Clark of Old Andado Station. It opened in September 1994 in the town's Old Courthouse building, which had been leased for a period of five years. By 2001, the premises had become too small and the former gaol was offered as a new location. In 2007 the museum was officially opened in its new location by Marion Scrymgour, Minister for Women's Policy and the first indigenous woman to be elected to the Parliament of the Northern Territory. The museum's permanent exhibitions include Ordinary Women/ Extraordinary Lives - Women First in Their Field, the Signature Quilt, Women at the Heart (Central Australia), What's Work Worth and the Aviatrix Tapestry. The museum has two patrons: Dame Quentin Bryce, a former Governor-General of Australia, and Gaby Kennard, the first Australian woman to fly solo around the world, in 1989. References External links * Women's Museum of Australia Category:Museums in Alice Springs Category:Women's museums Category:History museums in Australia Category:1993 establishments in Australia "