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"Robert Rowe Gilruth (October 8, 1913 – August 17, 2000) was an American aerospace engineer and an aviation/space pioneer who was the first director of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center, later renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. He worked for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics from 1937 to 1958 and its successor NASA, until his retirement in 1973. He was involved with early research into supersonic flight and rocket-powered aircraft, and then with the United States manned space program, including the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs. Biography =Early life= Gilruth was born October 8, 1913, in Nashwauk, Minnesota, and moved to Duluth when he was nine years old. He graduated in 1931 from Duluth Central High School. As a teenager, Gilruth was fascinated by aeronautics and spent time building model airplanes. He was inspired to pursue a career in the field after reading about NACA’s Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in Virginia. Gilruth received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Minnesota in 1935, and received his Master of Science degree in 1936. While there he was a member of the Professional Engineering Fraternity Theta Tau, of which he was later inducted as a Hall of Fame Alumnus. =Flight test career= In January 1937 Gilruth was hired at NACA’s Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, where he performed flight research. His research led to the NACA Report R755, Requirements for Satisfactory Flying Qualities of an Airplane, published in 1941, in which he defined a set of requirements for the handling characteristics of an aircraft. Until this point, no set of guidelines for pilots and aircraft designers existed. Gilruth also pioneered the recording of data from instruments during flight test, to be later correlated with the pilot's experience. This would go on to become the standard operating procedure. = NASA career = Gilruth had been working on hypersonic missile rockets as the assistant director of the Pilotless Aircraft Research Division of NACA. He and his team pushed their superiors to pursue a program to launch satellites into space, but he was rebuffed by administrators. The dynamic quickly changed after the Soviets succeeded in launching Sputnik, and Gilruth became involved in the transition of NACA into NASA. When NASA was created, Gilruth became head of the Space Task Group, tasked with putting a man in space before the Soviet Union. In 1961, when President John F. Kennedy announced that America would put a man on the Moon before the end of the decade (the 1960s), Gilruth was "aghast" and unsure that such a goal could be accomplished. He was integral to the creation of the Gemini program, which he advocated as a means for NASA to learn more about operating in space before attempting a lunar landing. Soon the Apollo program was born, and Gilruth was made head of the NASA center which ran it, the new Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) (now the Johnson Space Center). Gilruth was inducted into the National Space Hall of Fame in 1969 and served as director of the MSC until his retirement in 1972. He was inducted as a member of the inaugural class to the International Space Hall of Fame in 1976. He oversaw a total of 25 manned space flights, from Mercury-Redstone 3 to Apollo 15. In 1971, Gilruth, along with the Apollo 15 crew, was awarded the Collier Trophy. In 1992, Gilruth was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. . =Death= In 2000, Gilruth died in Charlottesville, Virginia, at the age of 86. Portrayals in dramas *In the 1996 TV movie Apollo 11, Gilruth was played by William Mesnik. *In the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, he was played by John Carroll Lynch. *In the 2016 film Hidden Figures, the character Al Harrison, played by Kevin Costner, is based largely on Gilruth. *In the 2018 film, First Man, Gilruth is portrayed by Ciarán Hinds. *In the 2020 TV series The Right Stuff, Gilruth is portrayed by Patrick Fischler. References External links * Robert Gilruth interview at the National Air and Space Museum * Robert Gilruth tribute at NASA Human Space Flight *Robert Gilruth biography at the National Academy of Sciences, written by NASA flight director Christopher C. Kraft Jr. * Requirements for satisfactory flying qualities of airplanes (1943) by Robert Gilruth Category:1913 births Category:2000 deaths Category:NASA people Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Category:American aerospace engineers Category:Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society Category:Collier Trophy recipients Category:University of Minnesota alumni Category:People from Itasca County, Minnesota Category:ASME Medal recipients Category:20th-century American engineers "
"An excavated portion of the Acropolis Kaminaljuyu and other Preclassic sites Kaminaljuyu (pronounced ) is a Pre-Columbian site of the Maya civilization that was primarily occupied from 1500 BC to AD 1200. Kaminaljuyu has been described as one of the greatest of all archaeological sites in the New World by Michael Coe,Coe (2005, p. 52) although its remains today – a few mounds only – are far less impressive than other Maya sites more frequented by tourists. When first mapped scientifically (by E. M. Shook over a period of decades from the 1930s on), it comprised some 200 platforms and pyramidal mounds, at least half of which were created before the end of the Preclassic period (250 AD). Debate continues about the size, scale, and degree by which, as an economic and political entity, it integrated both the immediate Valley of Guatemala and the Southern Maya area.Kaplan, Jonathan 2011 The known parts of Kaminaljuyu lie on a broad plain beneath roughly the western third of modern Guatemala City. The Valley of Guatemala is surrounded by hills which culminate in a string of lofty volcanoes to the south. At an altitude of about 2000 m (7000 feet) above sea level, the climate is temperate. Soils are rich because of frequent volcanic eruptions; volcanic ash in the form of hardened tuff reaches depths of several hundred meters in and around Kaminaljuyu, and deep clefts or barrancas mark the landscape. The Kaminaljuyu site was largely swallowed up by real estate developments in the late 20th century, although a portion of the Classic period center of Kaminaljuyu is preserved as a park. The distinctly unimpressive character of the extant remains is due not only to the location of the ancient city beneath a rapidly expanding Developing World capital city but also because the ancient architecture was constructed of hardened adobe, more perishable than the limestone used to build the cities in the Maya Lowlands. Because of these factors, the true size and scale of Kaminaljuyu is likely to be never known. The state of destruction and the almost daily erasure of archaeological context underscore the many mysteries, in addition to size and scale, that likely will remain unanswered about Kaminaljuyu. Principally these questions are posed about the role of the city as the greatest of the Southern Maya area (SMA) in Preclassic times, particularly during the "Miraflores" period, c. 400–100 BC;See Kaplan (2002, pp. 318–319) for a discussion of the "Miraflores"; the term is placed within quotation marks because it also refers to a sculptural carving style from Kaminaljuyu, described by Parsons (1986). the SMA is long believed from much and diverse evidence to have been seminal in the development of Maya civilization. Archaeological excavations Kaminaljuyu Monument 65, 290 by 200 by 33 cm Late Preclassic sculpted head, found in Kaminaljuyú. Currently on the Museo Nacional de Arqueología (National Archaeological Museum, Guatemala). Over the past 100 years, more than fifty archaeological projects, large and small, have been mounted at Kaminaljuyu. In addition to excavations, scholars such as Alfred Maudslay and Samuel K. Lothrop have recorded sculpture and made maps of the site. In 1925 Manuel Gamio undertook limited excavations, finding deep cultural deposits yielding potsherds and clay figurines from what later was called the "Middle Cultures" of Mesoamerica (from 1500 BC to 150 AD).Gamio, Manuel (1926–27) Cultural Evolution in Guatemala. Art and Archaeology 22:202–222; 23; 16–32; 71–78; 129–133 A decade later, the importance of the site was confirmed when a local football club began cutting away the edges of two inconspicuous mounds to lengthen their practice field, discovering an impressive buried structure. Lic. J. Antonio Villacorta C., the Minister of Public Education in Guatemala City, requested archaeologists Alfred Kidder, Jesse Jennings and Edwin Shook to investigate. Villacorta gave the site its name from a K'iche' word meaning "mounds of the ancestors." Kidder, Jennings, and Shook's monograph, published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington – one of the most important archaeological research entities in the history of Maya scholarship – brought excited attention by scholars to the significance of the SMA. This excitement turned to consensus about the priority of high social and cultural developments in the South when Shook and Kidder published their report on Mound E-III-3,Shook and Kidder (1952) a "Miraflores" mound and the largest known thus far from the site, and which contained seven structures built onion-skin fashion over and around each other through time. Two extraordinarily rich royal tombs were found within the edifices, probably representing consecutive rulers during the "Miraflores" Preclassic apogee of Kaminaljuyu. In the early 1950s Heinrich Berlin excavated a large mound in the ancient Preclassic core of the city. In the 1960s Pennsylvania State University undertook extensive excavations at Kaminaljuyu, under the direction of William T. Sanders and Joseph W. Michels. The processualist and unilineal cultural evolutionary theoretical orientation of the Penn State project were in sharp contrast to the Carnegie work before and to the historical, cultural-historical, sometimes epigraphy- and art- historically driven paradigm of Lowland Maya research after. In the 1990s, Marion Popenoe de Hatch and Juan Antonio Valdés conducted excavations in the southern districts of the site, and a Japanese team investigated a large mound near the modern archaeological park. Emphases since the 1970s on Classic Maya hieroglyphic texts and discoveries of great sites in the northern Petén turned attention away from the SMA, and a long period ensued during which proponents of a Maya Lowlands origins for Maya civilization held sway. More recently, the debate was rejoined with discoveries along the southern Pacific coast of Mexico and in Guatemala that greatly antedate developments in the Lowlands. Occupation history Archeological site in 1890. Photograph by Alfred Percival Maudslay. =Arévalo and Las Charcas cultures= Kidder, Jennings, and Shook referred to Kaminaljuyu's artifacts as representative of what they called a "Middle Culture" which they believed represented the earliest phase of complex social and cultural development in Mesoamerica.They described this as "...the oldest known stage in the development of Mesoamerican civilization" (1946, p. 243). This reflected their conclusion about the great antiquity of developments at Kaminaljuyu and their belief that Kaminaljuyu was primordial for its cultural and social innovations. Since their work, investigations chiefly undertaken by scholars from the New World Archaeological Foundation on the southern Pacific coast of Mexico have greatly altered this view, deepening in time the incipience of complex social and cultural events in Mesoamerica. Cultures of this phase had a stable agricultural community organized probably as a simple chiefdom. Over many years Shook and Kidder developed the Kaminaljuyu ceramic sequence, and it remains, with refinements by Shook and Marion Popenoe de Hatch, one of the most secure and reliable ceramic chronologies in Mesoamerica, although some doubts remain about the absolute dates due to a paucity of radiocarbon anchors (a revision by Inomata, et al. to the following chronology, based on Bayesian analysis, would push forward the ceramic phases by as much as 300 years, setting the Miraflores apogee to a 100 BC – AD 100 time frame). With Inomata, et al's revision in mind, the first significant settlement dates to the Arévalo phase, c. 900–800 BC, with indications of dense populations no later than c. 400 BC. By the end of the Las Charcas culture (800–350 BC), Kaminaljuyu was developing "religious and civic institutions."Shook (1951, p. 98) Scattered Las Charcas remains throughout the Valley of Guatemala mark a major occupation of the area at sites such as El Naranjo;See Arroyo (2007a, b) at this latter site, as well as at El PortónSee Sharer, Robert J. and David W. Sedat (1987) some 50 kilometers to the north and Takalik Abaj, about 130 kilometers to the west in the lower piedmont, plain uncarved upright shaft stones called stelae, mark the first appearance of a cult of time-reckoning and which became one of the bases for the institution of Maya kingship. The architecture of Middle Preclassic structures consisted of hardened adobe bricks that served, later, as foundations for raised platforms and pyramidal temples. Excavations indicate that from early in the Middle Preclassic the community was large enough to produce heavy refuse deposits. Cotton was grown as well as maize; palaeobotanical research also has identified annonas, avocados, cacao, black beans, palm nuts, plums, and sapodilla (zapote blanco). Arboriculture developed – with groves of crop trees grown in terraces down to the edges of great ravines. Specialists practiced loom-weaving and were expert potters. Large-scale workshops for obsidian tool-making were spread around the ancient city. Religious practices that would later be further developed throughout Mesoamerica were elaborating during the early Middle Preclassic at Kaminaljuyu, including the erection of mounds to serve as substructures for small shrines or funerary/administrative temples, the development of a complex pantheon of deities – probably based on some primordial mythology and cosmology of which the Popol Vuh represents a fragment – and euhemerism, an incensario and stela cult, and warfare to procure captives for royal sacrifice. Many of the artifacts from Las Charcas not associated with burials were found in pits. There were principally two types of pits: shallow bowl- like pits and bottle-shaped pits. The shallow pits were possibly used for digging clay to be used in building and later to hold refuse. Carbonized avocado seeds, maize cobs and remnants of textiles, basketry, mats and rope fragments have been found in those that are bottle-shaped. It is thought these pits were used for cooking, storage and refuse containers. Hand-modeled clay female figurines are also highly characteristic of Las Charcas culture. Those found at Kaminaljuyu are generally of reddish brown clay and some have a white slip. The female figurines often depict pregnancy and are thought to have been offerings to promote fertility in the fields. Usually the arms and legs of the figures are mere stumps but some attempt at a realistic body shape has been made. The head has received the most attention to detail. The nose was pinched into the relief and nostrils were made by punctuating the clay. The eyes and the mouth were formed by strategically applied lumps. The figurines often have earplug flares. =The "Miraflores"= The apogee of Preclassic developments at Kaminaljuyu occurred during what scholars refer to as the "Miraflores" period – once a name for a Late Preclassic ceramic phase, now split into two, the Verbena and Arenal. Preclassic remains, particularly from this epoch, are extremely abundant at Kaminaljuyu; Shook and Kidder noted that in Mound E-III-3 "...an average of...200 sherds per cubic meter [were found...the mound] in its final stage [having] a volume of some 75,000 cu. m [yielding] the astounding total of approximately 15,000,000 fragments...[A]llowing 30 sherds to represent one vessel – a high average considering the abundance of small pre-Classic bowls...at least 500,000 complete vessels had been used, broken, and their fragments incidentally incorporated in the fill of this one mound."Shook and Kidder (1952, p. 46) What Kidder, Jennings, and Shook referred to as the Middle Cultures are now understood as the Middle Preclassic period, which lasted from 1000 to 400 BC, and the Late Preclassic period, dating from 400 BC to 250 AD. In its "Miraflores" heyday, enormously eclectic sculpture was placed around the city, in plazas and in front of platforms and temples. Brightly colored murals and giant masks adorned the sides of edifices. Monuments included effigies of toads, bats, owls, jaguars, and serpents; particularly important was the Principal Bird Deity, a symbol of celestial power often invoked in the iconography of kingship. Early versions of other Classic Maya deities were depicted, including the maize god, the Hero Twins, and a merchant god. The sculptural eclecticism is another indication of the Preclassic cosmopolitan and "international" character of Kaminaljuyu, the role of "port-of-trade" or "gateway" capitalSee Brown (1977) and Hirth (1978), respectively continuing through Classic times despite a major change of cultural traditions and, possibly, ethnic affiliation at the end of the Preclassic.See Popenoe de Hatch (1993) Sacred Kingship Enormous thrones and stelae attest to the might and splendor of "Miraflores" Kaminaljuyu. Stela 10, a fragment of a gigantic throne, is carved with a decapitation narrative scene showing a ruler masked and attired to impersonate an underworld jaguar deity wielding a flint axe over what likely was a kneeling captive; the head of a euhemerized jaguar deity floats to the right of the ruler/protagonist, invoked by the burning of blood in a sacrificial plate. The similarly gigantic Monument 65 is carved, on the front, with three seated, throned rulers, each one framed by two bound, kneeling, nude captives, each ruler and his paired victims vertically positioned within a lower, a central, and an upper register.Kaplan (2000) Almost annually, fragments of once very large sculptural monuments are found in Guatemala City often during unregulated municipal demolition and construction.See, e.g., Stela 67 and Throne 68 (Ugarte Rivera 2001) Many monuments were carved with Preclassic hieroglyphic texts (Kaplan 2011), underscoring the fact that, as Coe observes, "the elite of [Kaminaljuyu] were fully literate at a time when other Maya were perhaps just learning that writing existed."Coe (2005, p. 74) Hydraulics In the last twenty years, archaeologists have studied sophisticated water control systems in the southern precincts of "Miraflores" Kaminaljuyu, indicating an extensive bureaucracy and concomitant social hierarchical must have been in place to supervise and maintain the hydraulics.See Popenoe de Hatch (1997) and Valdes (1998) These systems date to the "Miraflores" and endured through to the end of the Preclassic. =Esperanza cultures and a Teotihuacán Intrusion?= Two major mounds excavated by Kidder, Jennings, and Shook contained tombs probably representing rulers from the Esperanza period. In Mound A the tomb is associated with a pit burial. All that remains in the pit burial of its original fill are worn igneous rocks, quantities of coarse sherds and human skull parts that had been cut through by the digging of the tomb. The tomb contains the remains of eight people. One corpse received special treatment, as evinced by the considerable amount of jewelry and the offerings left with it. The bodies were borne into the tomb on fabric mats or animal hides of which only traces remain. Among the objects found as offerings in the tomb were jade beads around the necks of two of the corpses, wafer-like disc shells forming a choker on one skeleton, jade earplug flares, an unusually large number of shells, a fine obsidian blade, a tortoise shell, metates, and various fine pottery pieces including a whistling jar and a carved tripod vessel. Several coarse brownware vessels heaped against the wall of the tomb probably originally contained food prepared for the after-life journey of the dead. The Esperanza tombs of Mounds A and B are notable because of the interment within them of elite-use ceramic vessels in unmistakable Teotihuacán style. Teotihuacán was the greatest ancient city in Mesoamerica, with far-flung hegemonic reach from its location in Central Mexico. During the Early Classic period in the Maya world, art and artifacts, as well as hieroglyphics, attest to specific intrusions by and influences from Teotihuacán at great Lowland cities such as Tikal, Piedras Negras, and Copán, although the exact nature of this presence remains controversial.See papers in Braswell (2003) Teotihuacán, like the later Aztec empire, was drawn to the Southern area undoubtedly because of its rich resources of obsidian and cacao. Dating to Esperanza times and later in the Classic period, twelve ballcourts have been found, possibly indicating an emphasis on resolution of conflicts through ritual game-playing rather than war, which would underscore Kaminaljuyu's role as a nexus and intermediary between powerful foreign entities and as a religious "pilgrimage" site. Economics Enormous obsidian beds lying 20 km northeast of Guatemala City and known as El Chayal (Kakchikel Maya for "obsidian") are long presumed to have been the most important material basis for Kaminaljuyu's ascendance as the greatest polity in the SMA as well as its continuation as the preeminent city in the Southern Maya Area during the Classic period. Distinctively black in color, obsidian from the Chayal beds found at sites throughout the Lowlands as well as the Southern Maya Area supports this assumption, although the specifics of control, whether formally under Kaminaljuyu's hegemony or more informally representing a vital material resource whose wealth accrued to the city more or less in direct relation to proximity, remain in the realm of speculation. In addition to Chayal obsidian, the strategic location of Kaminaljuyu as a nexus for trade between the Pacific coast and piedmont and the Maya Lowlands – salt, fish, and shells from the coast, cacao and other agricultural products from the piedmont, jaguar skins, feathers, and other commodities from the Lowland jungles – underlay Kaminaljuyu's wealth and influence throughout the Maya world. See also *Chocola Notes References * Arroyo, Bárbara (2007a) The Naranjo Rescue Project: New Data from Preclassic Guatemala. http://www.famsi.org/reports/06109/index.html. Accessed 1/27/08 * Arroyo, Bárbara (2007b) Proyecto de Rescate en Naranjo: Nuevos Datos de la Guatemala del Preclásico. http://www.famsi.org/reports/06109es/index.html. Accessed 1/27/08 Braswell, Geoffrey E., ed. (2003) The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. University of Texas Press, Austin * Brown, Kenneth L. (1977) Valley of Guatemala: A Highland Port of Trade. In Teotihuacan and Kaminaljuyu: A Study in Prehistoric Culture Contact, edited by William T. Sanders and Joseph W. Michels, pp. 205–396. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park * Kenneth G. Hirth (1978) Interregional Trade and the Formation of Prehistoric Gateway Communities. American Antiquity, 43 (1):35–45 * Inomata, Takeshi, Raúl Ortiz, Bárbara Arroyo and Eugenia J. Robinson (2014) Chronological Revision of Preclassic Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala: Implications for Social Processes in the Southern Maya Area; Latin American Antiquity * Kaplan, Jonathan (2011) Kaminaljuyu: Corpse and Corpus Delicti. In The Southern Maya in the Late Preclassic: The Rise and Fall of an Early Mesoamerican Civilization; 279–343; Michael W. Love and Jonathan Kaplan, eds.; University Press of Colorado, Boulder * Kaplan, Jonathan (2002) From Under the Volcanoes: the Ideology of Rulership at Late Preclassic Kaminaljuyú. In Incidents of Archaeology in Central America and Yucatán: Essays in Honor of Edwin M. Shook, Michael Love, Marion Popenoe de Hatch, and Héctor L. Escobedo A., eds.; 311–358; University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland * Kaplan, Jonathan (2000) Monument 65: A Great Emblematic Depiction of Throned Rule and Royal Sacrifice at Late Preclassic Kaminaljuyú. Ancient Mesoamerica 11(2):185–198 * Kaplan, Jonathan (1995) The Incienso Throne, and Other Thrones from Kaminaljuyú, Guatemala: Late Preclassic Examples of a Mesoamerican Throne Tradition. Ancient Mesoamerica 6(2):185–196 Ohi, Kuniaki (1994) Kaminaljuyu. 2 vols. Museo del Tabaco y Sal, Tokio, Japan * Parsons, Lee A. (1986) The Origins of Maya Art: Monumental Stone Sculpture of Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala and the Southern Pacific Coast. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology No. 28, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. * Popenoe de Hatch, Marion (1997) Kaminaljuyú/San Jorge. Evidencia Arqueológica de la Actividad Económica en el Valle de Guatemala, 300 a. C. a 300 d. C. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala * Popenoe de Hatch, Marion (1993) Observaciones adicionales sobre las tradiciones Naranjo y Achiguate en la costa sur de Guatemala. In VI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Juan Pedro Laporte, Héctor L. Escobedo, and Sandra Villagrán de Brady, pp. 353–358. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia/Asociación Tikal, Guatemala * Sanders, William T. and Joseph Michels, eds. (1969) The Pennsylvania State University K’aminaljuyu Project: 1968 Season. Part 1: The Excavations. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 2. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park * Sanders, William T. and Joseph Michels, eds. (1977) Teotihuacan and Kaminaljuyú: A Study in Culture Contact. The Pennsylvania State University Press Monograph Series on Kaminaljuyú. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park * Sharer, Robert J. and David W. Sedat (1987) Archaeological Investigations in the Northern Maya Highlands, Guatemala: Interaction and the Development of Maya Civilization. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia * Shook, Edwin M. (1951) The Present Status of Research on the Preclassic Horizons in Guatemala. In The Civilizations of Ancient America, edited by Sol Tax, pp. 93–100. Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of Americanists, Volume 1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago * Shook, Edwin M. and Alfred V. Kidder (1952) Mound E-III-3, K’aminaljuyu, Guatemala. In Contributions to American Anthropology and History, Vol. 9 (53):33–127. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 596. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. * Ugarte Rivera, René (2001) Reciente Descubrimiento en Kaminaljuyú, Quinta Samayoa, Zona 7: Estela 67 y Trono 68 Asociado al Montículo D-IV-2. In XIV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Juan Pedro Laporte, Ana Claudia de Suasnávar, and Bárbara Arroyo, pp. 951–958. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala * Valdés, Juan Antonio (1998) Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala: Descubrimientos recientes sobre poder y manejo hidráulico. In Memorias del Tercer Congreso Internacional de Mayistas, 1995, pp. 752–770. Centro de Estudias Mayas, UNAM, Mexico * Valdés, Juan Antonio and Jonathan Kaplan (2000) Ground-penetrating Radar at the Maya Site of K’aminaljuyu, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 27 (3):329-342 * Villacorta C., J. Antonio (1955) Una página del Teo-Amoxtli en un bajo relieve de Kaminaljuyu. In Revista de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala No. XXXV: 135–144. Guatemala * Villacorta Calderón, José Antonio and Carlos Agusto Villacorta Vielman (1927) Arqueología guatemalteca: region de los cúes entre Guatemala y Mixco. In Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia 3:376–392. Guatemala * Villacorta Calderón, José Antonio and Carlos Agusto Villacorta Vielman (1930) Region de los cúes entre Guatemala y Mixco. In Arqueología Guatemalteca, pp. 33–64. Tipografía Nacional, Guatemala * Villacorta Vielman, Carlos Agusto (1927) Vestigios de un edificio arcáico, Miraflores, Kaminaljuyu. In Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia 4:51–64. Guatemala External links *The Delanges visit Kaminaljuyu, with many photos. Category:Maya sites in Guatemala Category:Guatemala City Category:Former populated places in Guatemala Category:Archaeological sites in Guatemala Category:Pre-Columbian archaeological sites Category:Rock art in North America Category:16th-century BC establishments in Guatemala Category:16th-century BC establishments in the Maya civilization Category:13th-century disestablishments in the Maya civilization Category:Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC Category:2nd-millennium BC establishments in the Maya civilization "
"SIGCOMM is the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Data Communications, which specializes in the field of communication and computer networks. It is also the name of an annual 'flagship' conference, organized by SIGCOMM, which is considered to be the leading conference in data communications and networking in the world.Conference Ranks (MSAR)Conference Ranks (ERA and Qualis) Known to have an extremely low acceptance rate (~10%), many of the landmark works in Networking and Communications have been published through it. Of late, a number of workshops related to networking are also co-located with the SIGCOMM conference. These include Workshop on Challenged Networks (CHANTS), Internet Network Management (INM), Large Scale Attack Defense (LSAD) and Mining Network Data (MineNet). SIGCOMM also produces a quarterly magazine, Computer Communication Review, with both peer-reviewed and editorial (non-peer reviewed) content, and a bi-monthly refereed journal IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, co-sponsored with IEEE. SIGCOMM hands out the following awards on an annual basis * The SIGCOMM Award, for outstanding lifetime technical achievement in the fields of data and computer communications * The Rising Star Award, for a young research under the age of 35 who has made outstanding contributions during this early part of his or her career. * The Test of Time Award recognizes papers published 10 to 12 years in the past in a SIGCOMM sponsored or co-sponsored venue whose contents still represent a vibrant, useful contribution. * Best Paper Award and the Best Student Paper Award at that year's conference. * The SIGCOMM Doctoral Dissertation Award recognizes excellent thesis research by doctoral candidates in the field of computer networking and data communication. * The SIGCOMM Networking Systems Award recognizes the development of a networking system that has had a significant impact on the world of computer networking. References Category:Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Groups "