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"Freedom Monument (or Nasb al-Hurriyah) (), located in Tahrir Square (Liberation Square) in the centre of Baghdad, is the city's most well-known and well-loved monument. Background and History In 1959 the new leader of the Iraqi republic, Brigadier General Abd al-Karim Qasim commissioned a monument that would be a celebration of Iraq's declaration of independence. It was to be situated in the heart of Baghdad's central business district, overlooking Liberation Square and Jamhouriyya Bridge. He approached the architect Rifat Chadirji, one of Iraqi's leading architects. He developed an idea with Jewad Selim, who was well-known for works that integrated Iraq's ancient history with contemporary themes and techniques. The Brigadier General wanted it to be a symbol of a new nation state, however, Jewad Selim chose to design a monument symbolising the people's strife against tyranny and paid homage to Iraq's deep art history by including Abassid and Babylonian wall- reliefs, producing a sculpture that was both "strikingly modern" yet also referenced tradition.Al-Khalil, S. and Makiya, K., The Monument: Art, Vulgarity, and Responsibility in Iraq, University of California Press, 1991, p. 83 Saleem laboured on the project under difficult conditions, resisting all attempts by Qasim to have his image incorporated into the monument.Al-Khalil, S. and Makiya, K., The Monument: Art, Vulgarity, and Responsibility in Iraq, University of California Press, 1991, p. 82 Initially, Saleem had wanted the sculpture to be at ground level, but the project architect, Rifa'at Chadirchi, insisted that it be elevated so that it would look more 'monumental'. As a result, the completed work faces the busy traffic rather than people walking in the adjacent gardens.Greenberg, N., "Political Modernism, Jabrā, and the Baghdad Modern Art Group," CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2010, Online: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1603&context;=clcweb, DOI: 10.7771/1481-4374.160; Floyd, T., "Mohammed Ghani Hikmat," [Biographical Notes] in: Mathaf Encyclopedia of Modern Art and the Islamic World, Online: http://www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa/en/bios/Pages/Mohammed-Ghani-Hikmat.aspx Although the monument was Saleem's design, he did not see the project through to completion. Following his premature death in January, 1961, the project was finalised in 1961 by the sculptor's wife; artist, Lorna Saleem, along with Saleem's friend and colleague, sculptor, Mohammed Ghani Hikmat, who had previously been assisting on the project by casting the bronze figures.Greenberg, N., "Political Modernism, Jabrā, and the Baghdad Modern Art Group," CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2010, Online: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1603&context;=clcweb, DOI: 10.7771/1481-4374.160; Floyd, T., "Mohammed Ghani Hikmat," [Biographical Notes] in: Mathaf Encyclopedia of Modern Art and the Islamic World, Online: http://www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa/en/bios/Pages/Mohammed-Ghani-Hikmat.aspx The completed monument, known as Nasb al-Hurriyah (Monument of Freedom), has survived various attempts to have it pulled down and is one of Baghdad's most iconic public works.Dabrowska, K. and Hann, G., Iraq Then and Now: A Guide to the Country and Its People, Bradt Travel Guides, 2008, p. 215 Description The monument was opened in 1961, after the sculptor's death. It consists of 14 bronze castings, representing 25 figures, on a travertine slab, raised 6 metres off the ground.Reynolds, D.F., The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture,Cambridge University Press, 2015, p. 199 The monument is 10 metres in height and 50 metres long. The figures, which are in bas-relief, are intended to evoke Babylonian, Assyrian and Arab artworks.Baram A., "Art With Local and Mesopotamian Components", In: Culture, History and Ideology in the Formation of Ba‘thist Iraq: 1968–89, [St Antony’s/Macmillan Series], London, Palgrave Macmillan, 1991, p. 70 It depicts historic Iraqi events up to the 14 July Revolution led by Abdul Karim Qasim; a key date which marks the beginning of Republican rule in Iraq.Dabrowska, K. and Hann, G., Iraq Then and Now: A Guide to the Country and Its People, Bradt Travel Guides, 2008, p. 215; Kohl, P.L., Kozelsky, M. and Ben-Yehud, N., Selective Remembrances: Archaeology in the Construction, Commemoration, and Consecration of National Pasts, University of Chicago Press, 2008, p.200; Art and Politics in Iraq: Examining the Freedom Monument in Baghdad The monument is intended to be read as a verse of Arabic poetry - from right to left - beginning with events that preceded the revolution - and concluding with harmony following independence.Al-Khalil, S. and Makiya, K., The Monument: Art, Vulgarity, and Responsibility in Iraq, University of California Press, 1991, pp 82-83 The multiple references and hidden layers of meaning in the work inspired Arab artists across the region and encouraged them to pursue artwork with a national identity at a time when many Arab nations were attaining independence.Reynolds, D.F., The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture,Cambridge University Press, 2015, p. 200 Legacy The sculpture featured on the 250 Dinar bank-note in 1995 and the 10,000 dinar bank note for 2013-2015 in honour of the sculptor.Coinweeek, 24 June, 2017, Online: https://coinweek.com/paper-money-2/iraqi-10000-dinar-note- mosque-destroyed-isis/ See also * Al-Shaheed Monument * Iraqi art * The Monument to the Unknown Soldier * Victory Arch * Save Iraqi culture monument References External links * Freedom Monument in Encyclopædia Britannica. Category:1961 establishments in Iraq Category:Iraqi art Category:Liberty symbols Category:Monuments and memorials in Iraq Category:Tourist attractions in Baghdad "
"The South Main Street Historic District is located in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Description The district is in the south end of the old downtown, including the 1875 Italianate Frieberg Grocery, the 1890 High Victorian Gothic Carstens' Meat Market, the 1903 Richardsonian Romanesque Commercial National Bank, the 1912 Neoclassical Citizens State Bank, and the 1923 Commercial-style Commercial National Bank. It was added to the State and the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. References Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin Category:National Register of Historic Places in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin "
"Belle Archer, from the Actors and Actresses series (N45, Type 1) for Virginia Brights Cigarettes Belle Archer (born Belle Mingle June 5, 1859 \- September 19, 1900) was an American actress and singer. She was also known as Belle Mackenzie. She was notable for starring in a three-year, cross-country touring production of A Contented Woman and for creating the role of Cousin Hebe in H.M.S. Pinafore. Early years Archer was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, the daughter of J.L. Mingle, a businessman with Western Union. She grew up in Easton and was educated there. As a youngster, Archer ran away from the Philadelphia Normal School with a friend with the goal of joining a theatrical troupe. She was stopped in Baltimore, however, and taken back to her home. Career Before she was 16 years old, Archer debuted on stage in Baltimore under theater manager John T. Ford. In 1879, billed as Belle Mackenzie, "she had created the role of Cousin Hebe" when the comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore premiered in Philadelphia. As early as 1881, she was performing in New York City in the play Won at Last. In 1882, she was signed to a three-year contract with Madison Square Theatre, with her initial role that of heading the production of Hazel Kirke. Archer became the leading lady for actor Charles H. Hoyt, succeeding his wife, Caroline Miskel Hoyt. She also starred in A Contented Woman, touring the United States for three years in that production, and acted for about two years each with companies headed by E.H. Sothern and Alexander Salvini. An article in the March 1899 issue of Munsey's Magazine credited Archer with being the first female press agent. "Besides being a clever actress," it said, Miss Archer has the distinction of having opened a new field for woman's work. This was in 1893, when she went in advance of Carrie Turner as press agent." In 1888, Archer received $1,200 per year from a New York photographer for the right to print photographs of her. Personal life On September 19, 1880, she married actor H.R. Archer in Norfolk, Virginia. They met when he joined a theatrical company in which she was acting, and they married soon afterward. Death On September 19, 1900, Archer died in the Warren, Pennsylvania, emergency hospital following a blood clot on her brain. She was buried in the family plot in Easton Cemetery, Easton, Pennsylvania. The cemetery contains a six-foot-tall stone with "a coin-shaped profile" of Archer. The statue contains the epitaph, "To the name Belle Archer, the master leaning reached a hand and whispered, 'It is finished.'" References Category:1859 births Category:1900 deaths Category:Actresses from Pennsylvania Category:Singers from Pennsylvania Category:American stage actresses "