❤️ Brown shrike 🌸

"The brown shrike (Lanius cristatus) is a bird in the shrike family that is found mainly in Asia. It is closely related to the red-backed shrike (L. collurio) and isabelline shrike (L. isabellinus). The genus name, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as "butcher birds" because of their feeding habits. The specific cristatus is Latin for "crested", used in a broader sense than in English. The common English name "shrike" is from Old English scríc, "shriek", referring to the shrill call. Like most other shrikes, it has a distinctive black "bandit-mask" through the eye and is found mainly in open scrub habitats, where it perches on the tops of thorny bushes in search of prey. Several populations of this widespread species form distinctive subspecies which breed in temperate Asia and migrate to their winter quarters in tropical Asia. They are sometimes found as vagrants in Europe and North America. Description Immature bird, Kolkata, India This shrike is mainly brown on the upper parts and the tail is rounded. The black mask can be paler in winter and has a white brow over it. The underside is creamy with rufous flanks and belly. The wings are brown and lack any white "mirror" patches. Females tend to have fine scalloping on the underside and the mask is dark brown and not as well marked as in the male. The distinction is not easy to use in the field but has been tested with breeding birds in Japan where the female can be identified from the presence of a brood patch. The use of multiple measurements allows discrimination of the sex of about 90% of the birds. Subspecies lucionensis has a grey crown shading into the brown upperparts and the rump appears more rufous than the rest of the upper back. The tail is more brownish and not as reddish as in the red-backed shrike. Younger birds of lucionensis have a brown crown and lack the grey on the head. Subspecies superciliosus has a broad white supercilium and a richer reddish crown. The tail is redder and tipped in white. A number of confusing forms are known from central Asia where the populations of cristatus, isabellinus and collurio overlap. The taxonomy has been in a state of flux and some forms such as phoenicuroides formerly considered as subspecies of L. cristatus have been moved to the species L. isabellinus. Subspecies lucionensis has been recorded interbreeding with superciliosus in Ishikawa, Japan while superciliosus has interbred with Lanius tigrinus in central Japan. Distribution Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden L. cristatus superciliosus specimen, Collection Naturalis Biodiversity Center The nominate form breeds in northern Asia from Mongolia to Siberia and winters in South Asia, Myanmar and the Malay Peninsula. The race confusus described from the same region is not well marked but is said to have a wider white brow and paler upperparts and is sometimes included within the nominate population. Subspecies superciliosus (sometimes called the Japanese shrike) breeds on the islands of Sakhalin, Kuril and Japan and winters in Hainan, Sumatra, Java, and the Sundas. Subspecies lucionensis, sometimes known as the Philippine shrike (local names: tarat or pakis-kis), breeds in Korea and eastern China wintering mainly in Taiwan and the Philippines but also on the Andaman Islands and in peninsular India. Stuart Baker suggested that the species may breed in the Cachar Hills of Assam but the idea was questioned by Claud Buchanan Ticehurst. This species is rare in Europe and vagrants have been recorded in the United States and Canada. Behaviour and ecology Lanius cristatus lucionensis, the Philippine shrike; note the grey crown and white throat contrasting with the rufescent underside. Kolkata, India The brown shrike is a migratory species and ringing studies show that they have high fidelity to their wintering sites, often returning to the same locations each winter. They begin establishing wintering territories shortly after arrival and their loud chattering or rattling calls are distinctive. Birds that arrive early and establish territories appear to have an advantage over those that arrive later in the winter areas. The timing of their migration is very regular with their arrival in winter to India in August and September and departure in April. During their winter period, they go through a premigratory moult. Their song in the winter quarters is faint and somewhat resembles the call of the rosy starling and often includes mimicry of other birds. The beak remains closed when singing and only throat pulsations are visible although the bird moves its tail up and down while singing. The breeding season is late May or June and the breeding habitat includes the taiga, forest to semi-desert where they build a nest in a tree or bush, laying two to six eggs. They feed mainly on insects, especially Lepidoptera. Like other shrikes, they impale prey on thorns. Small birds and lizards are also sometimes preyed upon. A white-eye (Zosterops) has been recorded in its larder. They typically look out for prey from a perch and fly down towards the ground to capture them. References Other sources External links * Identification notes - Birds Korea * Videos, photos and sounds - Internet Bird Collection * Distribution maps - Natural History Resources brown shrike Category:Birds of Asia brown shrike brown shrike "

❤️ Russian Naval Infantry 🌸

"The Russian Naval Infantry (MPR; ), operates as the amphibious force of the Russian Navy. Colloquially, Russian-speakers may refer to Naval Infantrymen using the abbreviation морпехи (morpekhi (plural), singular form: морпех (morpekh)). The first Russian naval infantry force formed in 1705, and since that time it has fought in the Napoleonic Wars, the Crimean War (1853-1856), the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), the First World War (1914-1918) and the Second World War (1939-1945). Under Admiral Gorshkov (Soviet Navy Commander- in-Chief from 1956 to 1985), the Soviet Navy expanded the reach of the Naval Infantry and deployed it worldwide on numerous occasions. Since 2009 Lieutenant General (NI) (Lieutenant General (NI) since 2014) has commanded the Naval Infantry in his capacity as the Deputy Commander for Coastal Troops/Commandant of the Coastal Troops of the Russian Navy. The Naval Infantry, alongside the Coastal Defense Missile Artillery Forces, form part of a larger institution—the Coastal Troops of the Russian Navy (, Beregovye voyska VMF Rossii). History Little is known about the Russian Naval infantrymen during the Imperial era of Russia because many of the units formed consisted of supernumerary ship crews of destroyed or immobilised Russian warships.http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_russiannavallong.html#rn1 The history of the Russian Navy could be traced back to the 16th century with Ivan the Terrible with the formation of his special team of Streltsy "sea soldiers" as part of his crew of flotilla ships. The official history of the Naval Infantry could be traced back to the creation of the Russian ship Oryol (lit., Eagle), which launched in 1668 & sailed with a crew of 23 sailors & 35 soldiers, with the soldiers duties of boarding & capturing enemy ships & providing sentinel service under the command of Ivan Domozhirov.История морской пехоты Российской Империи до 1917 года. During the Azov campaign of the Russo-Turkish War, under Peter the Great, the soldiers in these units; many of whom were recruited by the Preobrazhensky & the Semyonovsky Regiments of the later-to-become Imperial Guards, were shown to be particularly effective in carrying out those duties. Those soldiers would later on form the Russian Navy's very first infantry regiment consisting of 4300 men.https://voenpro.ru/infolenta/morskaya-pehota-rossii The first admiral of the regiment was appointed by no less than Tsar Peter I himself, General Admiral Fyodor Golovin, who later gave the respective order to Vice Admiral Cornelius Kruys on November 16, 1705 marking the glorious years following for the Russian Naval Infantry.http://rusnavy.com/history/branches/bv/300years.htm?print=Y =Official formation= In November 16 (27), 1705, following a decree of Peter I, the first regiment "of naval equipage" () (or in other words, equipped and supplied by the Russian Imperial Navy) was formed for boarding and landing operations, on the ships of the Baltic Fleet. The regiment had 1200 men (two battalions of five companies; 45 officers, & 70 non-commissioned officers), and from this pioneer regiment began the long history of Naval Infantry within Russia. =Great Northern War= In 1714, the regiment won a victory against the Swedes during the Battle of Gangut. However, after the war, a review of the Regiment's performance during the war concluded that the regimental organization of the unit did not work with the organizational structure of the Navy's fleet and did not allow it to be correctly utilized in combat conditions. As a result, the naval regiment was disbanded, and in replace of it, five naval battalions of consisting of men drawn from the army was created in 1712-1714 & attached to the fleet: :"Vice Admiral Battalion" - for service in the vanguard squadrons on the ships of the squadron's avant- garde; :"Admiral's Battalion" - for service on ships of the squadron center; :"Rear Admiral Battalion" - for service on the ships of the rear guard of the squadron; :"Galler Battalion" - for service on combat ships of the Galere fleet; :"Admiralty Battalion" - for guard duty and other tasks.https://y4astkoviu.livejournal.com/1006.html =Russo-Turkish Wars= The Russian naval infantry were involved in a series of victories against the Ottoman Empire including the rout of the Turkish Navy at the Battle for Cesme Harbor in 1770, and the taking of Izmail Fortress on the Danube, in 1790. =Napoleonic War= During the prelude to the war, in 1799 the Russian naval infantry took the French fortress at Corfu after a four-month siege. In 1806, a Russian landing force took Naples by storm and entered the Papal States. During the War of the Sixth Coalition, the Russian naval infantry distinguished itself against La Grande Armée at the Battle of Borodino (1812), Battle of Kulm (1813) and the Siege of Danzig. =Crimean War= By 1813, significant parts of the naval infantry were transferred to the Army & subsequently lost naval connections. For almost 100 years, there were no large infantry units in the Russian Navy. Nevertheless, in 1854–1855, during the Siege of Sevastopol against British, French and Turkish troops, there were renewed calls for revival of the military's Naval Infantry units. 17 separate sea battalions were formed and they participated in the defense of Sevastopol. =Early 20th Century= Russo-Japanese War During 1904 Russo-Japanese War, the naval infantry defended Port Arthur against Japanese forces. Personnels were recruited from regular sailors & naval crews to make up the numbers. Seven separate naval rifle battalions, a separate landing squad of sailors, three separate sea rifle companies and several machine-gun teams were formed. World War I The question of the formation of permanent Naval Infantry Units were raised only in 1910 and in 1911, projects were underway under the Chief Naval Staff for the development of permanent infantry units in the main naval bases of the country: an infantry regiment under the Baltic Fleet, an infantry battalion in the Black Sea Fleet and the Vladivostok Battalion for the Pacific Fleet. In August 1914, two separate battalions from the personnel of the Guards Fleet Crew and one battalion of personnel from the 1st Baltic Fleet Crew were created in Kronstadt. In March 1915, a separate naval battalion of the 2nd Baltic Fleet Crew was transformed into the Marine Regiment of Special Purpose. It included a mine company, a machine-gun team, a communications team, regimental artillery, a technical workshop, a convoy, and individual commands of the steamer Ivan-town and boats. At the end of 1916 and the beginning of 1917, the first two divisions of marines were formed; the Baltic Division and Black Sea Division. The naval infantry was deployed to the Baltic to defend the homeland against German attack as well as the Caspian Sea for operations against Ottoman forces. = Post-Russian Revolutions and the Russian Civil War= These naval infantrymen, who served under the Navy of the Imperial State, would later on form the core of the naval infantry service of the young Soviet Navy in 1918, which distinguished itself during the long Russian Civil War (1918-1922). Many of their fellow servicemen, through, supported the White movement and distinguished themselves as part of anti- Soviet military operations during those years. =Soviet era= World War II Great Patriotic War During World War II about 350,000 Soviet Navy sailors fought on land operations. At the beginning of the war, the navy had only one naval infantry brigade in the Baltic Fleet, but began forming and training other battalions. These eventually were: * six naval infantry regiments, comprising two 650 man battalions each, * 40 naval infantry brigades of 5–10 battalions, formed from surplus ships' crews. Five brigades were awarded Gvardy (Guards) status, * 1 Division (the 55th) - former Red Army unit, * plus numerous smaller units Many of the new units were raised as part of the Black Sea, Pacific and Northern Fleets. The military situation demanded the deployment of large numbers of naval infantry on land, so the Naval Infantry contributed to the defense of Odessa, Moscow, Leningrad, Sevastopol, Stalingrad, Novorossiysk and Kerch. The Naval Infantry conducted over 114 landings, most of which were carried out by platoons and companies. In general, however, Naval Infantry served as regular infantry, without any amphibious training. They conducted four major operations: two during the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, one during the Caucasus Campaign and one as part of the Landing at Moonsund, in the Baltic. During the war, five brigades and two battalions of naval infantry were awarded Guards status. Nine brigades and six battalions were awarded decorations, and many were given honorary titles. The title Hero of the Soviet Union was bestowed on 122 servicemen of naval infantry units. The Soviet experience in amphibious warfare in World War II contributed to the development of Soviet operational art in combined arms operations. Many members of the Naval Infantry were parachute trained; they conducted more drops and successful parachute operations than the VDV. The Naval Infantry was disbanded in 1947, with some units being transferred to the Coastal Defence Force. Cold War Soviet marines in 1985 Soviet marines during a demonstration in 1990 In 1961, the Naval Infantry was re-formed and became a combat arm of the Soviet Navy. Each Fleet was assigned a Naval Infantry unit of regiment (and later brigade) size. The Naval Infantry received amphibious versions of standard armoured fighting vehicles, including tanks used by the Soviet Army. By 1989, the Naval Infantry numbered 18,000 troops, organised into the 55th Naval Infantry Division at Vladivostok and at least four independent brigades: the 61st Kirkenneskaya Brigade at Pechenga (Northern Fleet), 175th at Tumannyy in the North, 336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade at Baltiysk (Baltic Fleet), and 810th at Sevastopol (Black Sea Fleet). By the end of the Cold War, the Soviet Navy had over eighty landing ships, as well as two Ivan Rogov-class landing ships. The latter could transport one infantry battalion with 40 armoured vehicles and their landing craft. (One of the Rogov ships has since been retired.) At 75 units, the Soviet Union had the world's largest inventory of combat air-cushion assault craft. In addition, many of the 2,500 vessels of the Soviet merchant fleet (Morflot) could off- load weapons and supplies during amphibious landings. On November 18, 1990, on the eve of the Paris Summit where the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty and the Vienna Document on Confidence and Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) were signed, Soviet data were presented under the so-called initial data exchange. This showed a rather sudden emergence of three so- called coastal defence divisions (including the 3rd at Klaipėda in the Baltic Military District, the 126th in the Odessa Military District and seemingly the 77th Guards Motor Rifle Division with the Northern Fleet), along with three artillery brigades/regiments, subordinate to the Soviet Navy, which had previously been unknown as such to NATO.IISS Military Balance 1991–1992, p.30–31 Much of the equipment, which was commonly understood to be treaty limited (TLE) was declared to be part of the naval infantry. The Soviet argument was that the CFE excluded all naval forces, including its permanently land-based components. The Soviet Government eventually became convinced that its position could not be maintained. A proclamation of the Soviet government on July 14, 1991, which was later adopted by its successor states, provided that all "treaty-limited equipment" (tanks, artillery and armoured vehicles) assigned to naval infantry or coastal defence forces, would count against the total treaty entitlement. =Russian Federation= A Russian marine during an exercise in 2003 Russian naval infantry marching in the 2008 Victory Day Parade Russian Pacific Fleet paratroopers in training, 2009 Marines conducting anti-piracy tasks for guarding convoy ships in the Gulf of Aden and the Horn of Africa Marines provide protection for the ships of the 5th Operational Squadron off the coast of Syria. The Naval Infantry of the Russian Navy includes the 55th Naval Infantry Division of the Russian Pacific Fleet (), the independent brigades of the Northern (61st Brigade at Sputnik, Murmansk Oblast) and Baltic Fleets and of the Caspian Military Flotilla, and the independent regiment of the Black Sea Fleet. In 1994, Exercise "Cooperation from the Sea" was conducted, in and around Vladivostok, with the U.S. III Marine Expeditionary Force, to foster a closer relationship between the Russian Naval Infantry and the United States Marine Corps. U.S. Marines and Russian naval infantrymen conducted their first exercise on U.S. soil the following year, in Hawaii. "Cooperation From the Sea 1995" was a maritime disaster relief exercise, which included cross training and personnel exchanges, and culminated in a combined U.S. and Russian amphibious landing. The purpose of the exercise was to improve interoperability, cooperation and understanding between U.S. and Russian personnel. In 1998, the 22nd Motor Rifle Division, Far East Military District, at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka, was transferred to the Pacific Fleet. In 2000 the division became the 40th Independent Motor Rifle Brigade, and on 1 September 2007 the 40th Naval Infantry Brigade (40 отд. Краснодарско-Харбинская дважды Краснознаменная бригада морской пехоты). In 2013, the regiment became, again, the 40th Naval Infantry Brigade.https://voinskayachast.net/voenno-morskoj-flot/beregovie- voyska/vch10103 From 2000 onwards, the Caspian Flotilla included a new naval infantry brigade, the 77th, based at Kaspiysk. The headquarters and two battalions of the brigade were scheduled to be established by August 1, 2000.AVN Military News Agency, 'Chief of Staff Supervising Marine Brigade formation', 5 June 2000 It was reported by Agenstvo Voyenniykh Novostyei (AVN) in June 2000 that the new brigade, which may have inherited the lineage of the 77th Motor Rifle Division,Agenstvo Voyenniykh Novostyei (AVN) - news agency in Moscow, Russia covering local society and Интерфакс-Агентство Военных НовостейFeskov et al. 2004 was to have its troops housed in Kaspiysk and Astrakhan, along with as many as 195 combat vehicles and two hovercraft sent to it from Chukotka and the Northern Fleet, respectively. The brigade was also reported to have had helicopters assigned to it. A Zubr-class LCAC in 2009 Russian naval infantrymen during the Zapad 2013 Strategic Exercise in Kaliningrad boarding party of Russian marines and MARCOS during Exercise INDRA in 2014 Troops of the 155th Naval Infantry Brigade with the Indian military during exercise Indra-2017 Troops of the 69th Engineer Regiment of the Baltic Fleet in the Kaliningrad Region, January 12, 2018 Syrian Civil War In early September 2015, it was estimated that approximately 800 Russian Naval Infantrymen had taken up positions all along western Syria with the majority of them being stationed in the mountainous city of Slunfeh in east Latakia – the remaining personnel had been moved to the Homs (Wadi Al-Nasara) and Tartous (Masyaf and Safita) Governorates in preparation for the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War. On the night of 19 to 20 September 2015, Russian Naval Infantry engaged in a fight with militants of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) near the city of Latakia. The militants tried to mount an attack on the airbase there, however, they were ambushed by the Naval Infantry. As a result of the clash, three militants were killed, two were captured, and the rest retreated. Before dawn of 24 September 2015, Russian Naval Infantry went into battle for the first time since their deployment to Syria, Debka file's military and intelligence sources reveal. The 810th Naval Infantry Brigade fought with Syrian Army and Hezbollah special forces in an attack on ISIL forces at the Kweiris air base, east of Aleppo. In November 2015, a Russian Naval Infantryman was killed during an operation to rescue the crew of a Russian Sukhoi Su-24M bomber aircraft that was shot down by the Turkish Air Force near the Syria–Turkey border. In March 2016, the 61st Naval Infantry Brigade conducted operations in which it aided the Syrian Army's liberation of the Syrian city of Palmyra. The 61st also participated in the storming of the city. Sources consider it one of the best trained and most combat experienced units of the Russian forces. In mid-May 2016, Russian Naval Infantry helped Syrian forces recapture the initiative in east Homs, while also recovering several points near the Al-Sha’ar Gas Fields and T-4 Military Airport. In September 2016, it was reported that Russian Naval Infantry were conducting operations on Aleppo's Castillo Highway. Current deployment =Pacific Fleet= Structure of the Pacific Fleet Naval Infantry * 155th Guards Naval Infantry BrigadeMoscow Defense Brief #2, 2011 p. 18–22; see also http://www.ww2.dk/new/navy/55dmp.htm ** Brigade HQ ** 390th Naval Infantry Regiment ** 59th Naval Infantry Battalion ** 84th Tank Battalion ** 263rd Artillery Battery ** 1484th Signals Battalion ** Air Defense Battery * 40th Krasnodar-Harbin Naval Infantry Brigade (Kamchatka) – redesignated from 3rd Regiment in 2013. (2009 to regiment); https://voinskayachast.net/voenno- morskoj-flot/beregovie-voyska/vch10103 (2013 back to brigade) =Baltic Fleet= * 299th Baltic Fleet Coastal Forces Training Center * 336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade– Baltiysk ** 877th Naval Infantry Battalion ** 879th Air-Assault (Desant) Battalion ** 884th Naval Infantry Battalion ** 1612th Self-Propelled Artillery Battalion ** 1618th Anti-Aircraft Missile and Artillery Battalion ** 53rd Marine cargo escort platoon – Kaliningrad =Northern Fleet= * 61st Naval Infantry Brigade – Sputnik, Murmansk Oblast ** Brigade Headquarters ** 874th Naval Infantry Battalion ** 876th Air-Assault (Desant) Battalion ** 886th Reconnaissance Battalion ** 125th Armored Battalion ** 1611th Self-propelled Artillery Battalion ** 1591st Self- propelled Artillery Battalion ** 1617th Anti-aircraft Missile and Artillery Battalion * 75th Naval Hospital * 317th Naval Infantry Battalion * 318th Naval Infantry Battalion =Black Sea Fleet= * 810th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade – Kazachye Bukhta, Sevastopol (a Marine Regiment until 1 December 2008) ** 880th Naval Infantry Battalion ** 881st Air-Assault Battalion ** 888th Reconnaissance Battalion ** 1613th Artillery Battery ** 1619th Air-Defense Artillery Battery * 382nd Naval Infantry Battalion =Caspian Flotilla= * 177th Naval Infantry RegimentВ Каспийске завершено формирование 177-го полка морской пехотыВ новом полку морской пехоты Каспийской флотилии прошло первое занятие по предметам боевой подготовки / mil.ru =Moscow= * Naval Infantry Battalion – Moscow (stood down 2011) * Military transport escort company – Moscow Organization Russian President Dmitry Medvedev awarding the Order of Courage to Naval Infantry Lieutenant Colonel Oleg Kistanov on July 4, 2010 for his actions during the retaking of the Russian tanker MV Moscow University from Somali pirates DP-64 Anti-saboteur weapon The largest naval infantry units are brigades or regiments. A Naval Infantry Regiment consists of roughly 2,000 personnel and is equipped with the PT-76 and BRDM-2, consists of 1 Tank Battalion and 3 naval infantry battalions, one motorised with BTR-60-series amphibious vehicles. brigades are somewhat larger. Although, sizes vary depending on mission and specializations.https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mp- toe.htm Naval Infantry Battalions comprise the backbone of the naval infantry fighting force. The battalion is made up of three naval infantry companies, a mortar platoon, an antitank platoon, and supporting supply and maintenance, medical, and communications units. In all, the battalion numbers about 400 men. This unit, reinforced, constitutes the basic amphibious attack force in the assault landing-the battalion assault force (BAF). At least one infantry battalion of each regiment or brigade is parachute trained, while all of the remaining infantry battalions are trained to be able to carry out air assault missions. Equipment A Soviet naval infantryman stands with his arm rested on his PT-76 amphibious light tank in August 1989. Note the large (opened) oval shaped double hatch, the searchlight on the right hand side of the top of the turret and a radio antenna on the left hand-side of the turret. The Russian Naval Infantry have been gradually phasing out PT-76 amphibious tanks, and started to receive a number of T-80s and upgraded BMP-2Ms.http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12153736@egNewshttps://sputniknews.com/military/201909101076765604-ten-t-80-tanks- deployed-to-russian-pacific-fleet-to-bolster-marine- forces/https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/russian_upgraded_bmp-2m_ifvs_deployed_in_kamchatka.html A full-strength Naval Infantry Brigade may have up to 70-80 Tanks. The APCs used by the Naval Infantry are either wheeled BTR-80s (in Assault Landing Battalions) or tracked MT-LBs (in Marine Battalions). While Naval Infantry units were supposed to receive BMP-3 IFVs, BMMP (bojevaya mashina morskoj pekhoti) fitted with the turret of the BMP-2, few have been delivered, and it is far from certain such re-arming will take place. BMP-3s may equip one company per Marine battalion. According to Defense Ministry statement published by RIA Novosti (November 27, 2009), "All units of Russia's naval infantry will be fully equipped with advanced weaponry by 2015." Included in this upgrade would be T-90 tanks, BMP-3 IFVs, 2S31 120mm mortar/artillery tracks, wheeled BTR-82A armored personnel carriers, air defense equipment and small arms.Russia's naval infantry to be totally re-armed by 2015 All Naval Infantry units were equipped with Ratnik infantry combat gear and all Northern Fleet naval infantry units were equipped with BTR-82A APCs as of November 2016. Naval Infantry and Navy units also receive new-technology binoculars.https://sputniknews.com/military/201609291045843086-military-image- stabilizing-binoculars/ The Naval Infantry have started to receive a modernized version of Strelets reconnaissance, control and communications system and completed receiving D-10 parachutes.http://vpk- news.ru/news/36223http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1127/094544311/detail.shtml All Pacific Fleet and Caspian Flotilla naval infantry units were equipped with BTR-82A APCs as of September 2019.http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0504/095046591/detail.shtmlhttp://www.armyrecognition.com/june_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/russian_caspian_flotilla_marines_receive_btr-82a_armored_personnel_carriers.htmlhttp://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0919/092554483/detail.shtml In late February 2014, at least one Black Sea Fleet assigned unit (at company level) was apparently using Tigr armoured cars near Sevastopol during the 2014 Crimean crisis. During the crisis in March 2014 imagery emerged of some Naval Infantry personnel carrying what appeared to be the OTs-14-1A-04 7.62×39mm assault rifle with an under-barrel GP-30 40mm grenade launcher; a bullpup design normally associated with the Russian Airborne Troops, as well as Combat Engineering and Spetsnaz units. Heroes of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation =Heroes of the Soviet Union= * Seaman Ahmed Dibirovich Abdulmedzhidov (1945) * Seaman Mikhail Avramenko (1945) * Petty Officer Noah P. Adamia (1942) * Junior Sergeant Pavel Petrovich Artemov (1945) * Lieutenant Mikhail Ashik (1946) * Seaman Yakov Illarionovich Balyaev (1945) * Major Mikhail Barabolko (1945) * Petty Officer Sergey G. Zimin (1943, shironintsy) * Seaman Kafur Nasyrovich Mamedov (1942, posthumous) * Seaman Pavel D. Osipov (1945, posthumous) * Private Andrey Arkadevich Skvortsov (1943, shironintsy) * Private Aleksandr Fedorovich Toropov (1943, shironintsy) * Lieutenant Pyotr Shironin (1943, shironintsy) * Major Caesar Lvovich Kunikov (1943, posthumous) * Midshipman Sergei N. Vasilyev (1942, posthumous) * Captain Nikolai Belyakov (1943, posthumous) * Staff Sergeant Varlam Gabliya (1946) * Major General Petr Bordanovisy (1943) * Corporal Ivan P. Dementyev (1945, posthumous) * Lieutenant Petr Deikano (1943) * Seaman (Marines) Pazhden M. Bartsits (1944) * Chief Petty Officer (Marines) Pavel Dubinda (1945, also full Cavalier of the Order of Glory) * Gunnery Sergeant Nikolai Kuzhetsov (1943, also Cavalier of the Order of Glory) * Second Lieutenant Nikolai Kirillov (1943) * Guards Sergeant Viktor I. Medvedev (1945) * Petty Officer 1st Class (Marines) Yuri Lisitsyin (1945) * Seaman 1st Class (Marines) Aleksandr Komarov (1945) * Major Pavel Litvinov (1943) * First Lieutenant Konstantin Olyshanskiy (1945, posthumous) * Lieutenant Nikolai Motshalin (1945) =Heroes of the Russian Federation= * Starshina (Warrant Officer) Gennadiy A. Azarychev (1995) * Lieutenant Vladimir A. Belyavskiy (2006) * Senior Lieutenant Vladimir V. Borovikov * Captain Viktor Vdovkin * Major Pavel Nikolaevich Gaponenko * Major Andrey Y. Gushchin (1995) * Guards Lieutenant Aleksandr Darkovich (1995) * Midshipman (Warrant Officer) Andrey Vladimirovich Dneprovskiy * Senior Midshipman (Sr. Warrant Officer) Gregory Mikhailovich Zamyshlyak * Midshipman (Warrant Officer) Andrey N. Zakharchuk * Major Vladimir V. Karpushenko * Lt. Col. Dmitriy Nikolayevich Klimenko * Guards Captain Yevgeniy N. Kolesnikov (1995, posthumous) * Major General Yevgeniy Nikolayevich Kocheshkov * Senior Lieutenant Yuriy Gerasimovich Kuryagin * Major-General Aleksandr Otrakovskiy (2000, posthumous) * Guards Captain Dmitriy Polkovnikov (1995) * Seaman Vladimir Vladimirovich Tatashvili * Senior Lieutenant Sergey Firsov * Colonel Aleksandr Chernov * Guards Major General Sergey Sheiko (1995) * Major General Viktor Shulyak Sealift Ivan Gren-class landing ship Ropucha-class landing ship Dyugon-class landing craft Zubr-class LCAC Ondatra-class landing craft The Alligator tank landing ship and more modern Ropucha-class landing ship is a typical amphibious assault ship. Propelled by diesel engines, this ship is relatively small, displacing about 4,500 tons. In 1978, the Soviets launched a new amphibious ship, the Ivan Rogov. The advent of the Ivan Rogov was taken in the West as an indication that the Soviet Navy was planning to strengthen the power projection mission of Naval Infantry. Twice the size of earlier ships, it can launch amphibious vehicles from its open bow doors. It also carries helicopters. Among the various small assault landing vehicles to launch from the bow are hovercraft, such as the Aist, which can carry the naval infantry ashore at speeds of fifty knots. The composition and the class of the main ships: * 4 units – Alligator-class landing ship * 12 units – Ropucha-class landing ship + 3 improved Ropucha-class * 2 units – Zubr-class LCAC + 1 in hold (in More (Feodosiya)) * 5 unit – Dyugon-class landing craft * 1 plus 1 under construction – Ivan Gren-class landing ship See also * Telnyashka * Drozd active protection system (Used during the 1980s on the Naval Infantry's T-55AD/T-55AD1 tanks) * Combat and other types of tactical divers * IDA71 military and naval rebreather * Protei-5 dpv * SPP-1 underwater pistol (Soviet and later Russian Navy standard issue for certain units) * APS underwater rifle (Soviet and later Russian Navy standard issue for certain units) * ASM- DT amphibious rifle (1990's, not widely issued) * ADS amphibious rifle (2000s. New standard underwater rifle for Naval spetnaz and certain other units) * Solo Voyage * 2008 Russian military reform * Battle of Vyborg Bay (1944) * Malaya Zemlya * Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive * Little green men (2014 Crimean crisis) Notes References Further reading * Независимое военное обозрение. Сокращение и плюс к этому расформирование * Морская пехота. Состав и дислокация. Часть 1: Часть 2 * Журнал «Морской пехотинец» * Три века славных дел * http://www.flamesofwar.com/Default.aspx?tabid=108&art;_id=1197&kb;_cat_id=100 * https://informnapalm.org/en/russian-marines-palmyra/ * https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-marines-replace-syrian-army- aleppos-castillo-highway/ Category:Soviet Navy Category:Military units and formations established in 1705 Category:1705 establishments in Russia "

❤️ Lucas number 🌸

"The Lucas spiral, made with quarter-arcs, is a good approximation of the golden spiral when its terms are large. However, when its terms become very small, the arc's radius decreases rapidly from 3 to 1 then increases from 1 to 2. The Lucas numbers or Lucas series are an integer sequence named after the mathematician François Édouard Anatole Lucas (1842-91), who studied both that sequence and the closely related Fibonacci numbers. Lucas numbers and Fibonacci numbers form complementary instances of Lucas sequences. The Lucas sequence has the same recursive relationship as the Fibonacci sequence, where each term is the sum of the two previous terms, but with different starting values. This produces a sequence where the ratios of successive terms approach the golden ratio, and in fact the terms themselves are roundings of integer powers of the golden ratio. The sequence also has a variety of relationships with the Fibonacci numbers, like the fact that adding any two Fibonacci numbers two terms apart in the Fibonacci sequence results in the Lucas number in between. The first few Lucas numbers are : 2, 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, 123, .... Definition Similar to the Fibonacci numbers, each Lucas number is defined to be the sum of its two immediate previous terms, thereby forming a Fibonacci integer sequence. The first two Lucas numbers are L0 = 2 and L1 = 1 as opposed to the first two Fibonacci numbers F0 = 0 and F1 = 1.A New Kind of Science Though closely related in definition, Lucas and Fibonacci numbers exhibit distinct properties. The Lucas numbers may thus be defined as follows: : L_n := \begin{cases} 2 & \text{if } n = 0; \\\ 1 & \text{if } n = 1; \\\ L_{n-1}+L_{n-2} & \text{if } n > 1. \end{cases} (where n belongs to the natural numbers) The sequence of the first twelve Lucas numbers is: :2,\;1,\;3,\;4,\;7,\;11,\;18,\;29,\;47,\;76,\;123,\;199,\; \ldots\;. All Fibonacci-like integer sequences appear in shifted form as a row of the Wythoff array; the Fibonacci sequence itself is the first row and the Lucas sequence is the second row. Also like all Fibonacci-like integer sequences, the ratio between two consecutive Lucas numbers converges to the golden ratio. Extension to negative integers Using Ln−2 = Ln − Ln−1, one can extend the Lucas numbers to negative integers to obtain a doubly infinite sequence: :..., −11, 7, −4, 3, −1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, ... (terms L_n for -5\leq{}n\leq5 are shown). The formula for terms with negative indices in this sequence is : L_{-n}=(-1)^nL_n.\\! Relationship to Fibonacci numbers The first identity expressed visually The Lucas numbers are related to the Fibonacci numbers by many identities. Among these are the following: * L_n = F_{n-1}+F_{n+1}=F_n+2F_{n-1} = F_{n+2}-F_{n-2} * L_{m+n} = L_{m+1}F_{n}+L_mF_{n-1} * L_n^2 = 5 F_n^2 + 4 (-1)^n, and thus as n\, approaches +∞, the ratio \frac{L_n}{F_n} approaches \sqrt{5}. * F_{2n} = L_n F_n * F_{n+k} + (-1)^k F_{n-k} = L_k F_n * L_{n+k} - (-1)^k L_{n-k} = 5 F_n F_k; in particular, F_n = {L_{n-1}+L_{n+1} \over 5} Their closed formula is given as: :L_n = \varphi^n + (1-\varphi)^{n} = \varphi^n + (- \varphi)^{-n}=\left({ 1+ \sqrt{5} \over 2}\right)^n + \left({ 1- \sqrt{5} \over 2}\right)^n\, , where \varphi is the golden ratio. Alternatively, as for n>1 the magnitude of the term (-\varphi)^{-n} is less than 1/2, L_n is the closest integer to \varphi^n or, equivalently, the integer part of \varphi^n+1/2, also written as \lfloor \varphi^n+1/2 \rfloor. Combining the above with Binet's formula, :F_n = \frac{\varphi^n - (1-\varphi)^{n}}{\sqrt{5}}\, , a formula for \varphi^n is obtained: :\varphi^n = {{L_n + F_n \sqrt{5}} \over 2}\, . Congruence relations If Fn ≥ 5 is a Fibonacci number then no Lucas number is divisible by Fn. Ln is congruent to 1 mod n if n is prime, but some composite values of n also have this property. These are the Fibonacci pseudoprimes. Ln \- Ln-4 is congruent to 0 mod 5. Lucas primes A Lucas prime is a Lucas number that is prime. The first few Lucas primes are :2, 3, 7, 11, 29, 47, 199, 521, 2207, 3571, 9349, 3010349, 54018521, 370248451, 6643838879, ... . The indices of these primes are (for example, L4 = 7) :0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 31, 37, 41, 47, 53, 61, 71, 79, 113, 313, 353, 503, 613, 617, 863, 1097, 1361, 4787, 4793, 5851, 7741, 8467, ... . If Ln is prime then n is 0, prime, or a power of 2.Chris Caldwell, "The Prime Glossary: Lucas prime" from The Prime Pages. L2m is prime for m = 1, 2, 3, and 4 and no other known values of m. Generating series Let :\Phi(x) = 2 + x + 3x^2 + 4x^3 + \cdots = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty L_nx^n be the generating series of the Lucas numbers. By a direct computation, :\begin{align} \Phi(x) &= L_0 + L_1x + \sum_{n = 2}^\infty L_nx^n \\\ &= 2 + x + \sum_{n = 2}^\infty (L_{n - 1} + L_{n - 2})x^n \\\ &= 2 + x + \sum_{n = 1}^\infty L_nx^{n + 1} + \sum_{n = 0}^\infty L_nx^{n + 2} \\\ &= 2 + x + x(\Phi(x) - 2) + x^2 \Phi(x) \end{align} which can be rearranged as :\Phi(x) = \frac{2 - x}{1 - x - x^2}. The partial fraction decomposition is given by :\Phi(x) = \frac{1}{1 - \varphi x} + \frac{1}{1 - \phi x} where \varphi = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} is the golden ratio and \phi = \frac{1 - \sqrt{5}}{2} is its conjugate. Lucas polynomials In the same way as Fibonacci polynomials are derived from the Fibonacci numbers, the Lucas polynomials Ln(x) are a polynomial sequence derived from the Lucas numbers. See also *Generalizations of Fibonacci numbers References External links * "The Lucas Numbers", Dr Ron Knott * Lucas numbers and the Golden Section * A Lucas Number Calculator can be found here. * Category:Integer sequences Category:Fibonacci numbers Category:Recurrence relations Category:Unsolved problems in mathematics bn:লুকাস ধারা de:Lucas-Folge fr:Suite de Lucas he:סדרת לוקאס pt:Sequência de Lucas "