❤️ Markree Observatory 😭

"using the refracting telescope at Markree Observatory Markree Observatory was an astronomical observatory in County Sligo, Ireland. The asteroid 9 Metis was discovered from this observatory in 1848 by Cooper's assistant Andrew Graham using a comet seeker telecope. (Signed 29 April 1848; the discovery was first announced on 27 April) The observatory was also home to the largest refractor of the early 1830s, which had a aperture Cauchoix of Paris lens; the largest in the world at that time. The observatory also housed a number of instruments and was operated to varying degrees throughout the 19th century. The observatory is noted for its discovery of the asteroid 9 Metis in 1848 as well as a 60,000 item star catalogue of the 1850s. In the later 1800s it was operated again after a brief hiatus, and gained note for its meteorological observations and research on double stars. History The entrance gateIn 1830, Colonel Edward Joshua Cooper MP (1798–1863) eldest son of Edward Synge Cooper MP, and Ann, daughter of Henry Vansittart, Governor of Bengal, set up Markree Observatory on the grounds of Markree Castle near Collooney in County Sligo. In 1831 Cooper acquired from Robert A. Cauchoix of Paris an objective of 13.3-inches (~33.78 cm) for which he paid £1200. In 1834 he mounted the lens on an equatorial mounting supplied by Thomas Grubb of Dublin. For a number of years Cooper’s big refractor was the largest in the world. He used the telescope to sketch Halley's comet in 1835 and to view the solar eclipse of 15 May 1836.History of the Cauchoix objective Later a 5-foot (1.5m) transit and a 3-foot (0.9m) meridian circle, fitted with an interchangeable 7-inch (17.75 cm) glass were added, which was the largest at that time in 1839; also in 1842 a 3-inch comet seeker was added. The observatory had a Stevenson screen, invented in 1863. "The Observatory of Mr Cooper of Markree Castleundoubtedly the most richly furnished private observatory knownis worked with great activity by Mr Cooper himself and by his very able assistant, Mr Andrew Graham." (Royal Astronomical Society, 1851) In 1848, Cooper’s assistant, Andrew Graham, discovered the asteroid 9 Metis with a wide-field comet seeker telescope manufactured by Ertel. Graham resigned his post at Markree in 1860, but continued his research at Cambridge Observatory until his retirement in 1905. E.J. Cooper died in 1863, but the observatory remained active until the death of Edward Henry Cooper MP in 1902. The 13+ inch Cauchoix The Cauchoix telescope was installed inside a circular wall, but it had no dome or roof over it. The enclosure has a diameter of 16-feet across. The telescope mounting was made by Grubb of Dublin. (Grubb would make telescopes for a century and half, later known as Grubb-Parsons) The telescope objective was doublet with 13.3 inches of aperture and 25 feet focal length. The Grubb mounting had a clockwork drive and weighed almost 2.4 metric tons (2.6 US tons), which rested on a limestone pillar. The lens was ground by Cauchoix of Paris using glass blanks by Guinand. The 13.3 inch lens was completed in 1831. Guinand was a Frenchman who in the late 1700s came up with a breakthrough for making better quality and larger glass, and in time went on to teach a young Fraunhofer at Utzschinder's glassworks, and eventually started his own optical glass works. Guinand would supply glass for the Paris Observatory telescopes and also Cauchoix. Instruments Examples:Bardou, Brunner, Cassegrain, Cauchoix, Chevalier, Gambey, Gautier, Krauss, Lerebours et Secretan, Mailhat, Vion * 1831 Troughton transit with a 5 inch Tulley objective * 1839 Ertel 3-foot meridian circle with 7 inches aperture * 1842 Ertel 3 inch aperture comet seeker * 3 foot Dollond refractor. (length not aperture in this case) *13-inch Cauchoix objective on Grubb mount. See also *Markree Castle *Craig telescope (refractor of the 1850s) *Leviathan of Parsonstown (Big Irish metal-mirror (1.8 m) reflector after 1845) *40-foot telescope (Herschel's) *List of largest optical telescopes in the 19th century References Category:Buildings and structures in County Sligo Category:Astronomical observatories in the Republic of Ireland Category:Defunct astronomical observatories Category:Collooney "

❤️ Heinrich Laube 😭

"Heinrich Laube Heinrich Laube (18 September 1806 – 1 August 1884), German dramatist, novelist and theatre-director, was born at Sprottau in Prussian Silesia. Life He studied theology at Halle and Breslau (1826–1829), and settled in Leipzig in 1832. Here he at once came into prominence with his political essays, collected under the title Das neue Jahrhundert, in two parts — Polen (1833) and Politische Briefe (1833) — and with the novel Das junge Europa, in three parts — Die Poeten, Die Krieger, Die Bürger — (1833–1837). These writings, in which, after the fashion of Heinrich Heine and Ludwig Börne, he severely criticized the political regime in Germany, together with the part he played in the literary movement known as “Das junge Deutschland,” led to his being subjected to police surveillance and his works confiscated. On his return, in 1834, from a journey to Italy, undertaken in the company of Karl Gutzkow, Laube was expelled from Saxony and imprisoned for nine months in Berlin. In 1836 he married the widow of Professor Hanel of Leipzig; almost immediately afterwards he suffered a year's imprisonment for his revolutionary sympathies. In 1839 he again settled in Leipzig and began a literary activity as a playwright. Chief among his earlier productions are the tragedies Monaldeschi (1845) and Struensee (1847); the comedies Rokoko, oder die alten Herren (1846); Gottsched und Gellert (1847); and Die Karlsschüler (1847), of which the youthful Friedrich Schiller is the hero. In 1848 Laube was elected to the Frankfurt Parliament for the district of Elbogen, but resigned in the spring of 1849, when he was appointed artistic director of the Hofburg theatre in Vienna. This office he held until 1867, and in this period fall his finest dramatic productions, notably the tragedies Graf Essex (1856) and Montrose (1859), and his historical romance Der deutsche Krieg (1865–1866, 9 vols), which graphically pictures a period in the Thirty Years' War. In 1869 he became director of the Leipzig Stadttheater, but returned to Vienna in 1870, where in 1872 he was placed at the head of the new Stadttheater; with the exception of a short interval he managed this theatre with brilliant success until his retirement from public life in 1880. He has left a valuable record of his work in Vienna and Leipzig in the three volumes Das Burgtheater (1868), Das norddeutsche Theater (1872) and Das Wiener Stadttheater (1875). His pen was still active after his retirement, and in the five years preceding his death, which took place at Vienna on 1 August 1884, he wrote the romances and novels Die Böhminger (1880), Louison (1881), Der Schatten-Wilhelm (1883), and published an interesting volume of reminiscences, Erinnerungen, 1841-1881 (1882). Assessment Laube's dramas are not remarkable for originality or for poetical beauty; their real and great merit lies in their stage-craft. As a theater manager he had no equal in Germany, and his services in this capacity have assured him a more lasting name in German literary history than his writings. Works=Other novels Besides those mentioned above, other of his novels of note are: *Das Glück (1837) *Der Prätendent (1842) *Die Grafin Chateaubriand (1843) Other dramas Other dramas of note include: *Böse Zungen (1868) *Demetrius (1872) Collected works His Gesammelte Schriften (excluding his dramas) were published in 16 vols (1875–1882); his Dramatische Werke, in 13 vols (1845–1875); a popular edition of the latter in 12 vols (1880–1892). An edition of Laube's Ausgewählte Werke in 10 vols appeared in 1906 with an introduction by H. H. Houben. Notes References * This work in turn cites: **Johannes Proelß, Das junge Deutschland (1892) **Heinrich Bulthaupt, Dramaturgie des Schauspiels (vol. iii., 6th ed., 1901) * This work in turn cites: **Gottschall, “Heinrich Laube,” in Unsere Zeit, vol. ii. (1884) External links * Category:1806 births Category:1884 deaths Category:People from Szprotawa Category:People from the Province of Silesia Category:19th-century German novelists Category:19th-century German dramatists and playwrights Category:German expatriates in Austria Category:German male novelists Category:German male dramatists and playwrights Category:Members of the Frankfurt Parliament Category:Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni Category:University of Breslau alumni Category:Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art Category:19th-century German male writers Category:People from Bad Muskau "

❤️ Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes 😭

"Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes is the third studio album by American punk rock band AFI. It was released on November 11, 1997 through Nitro Records. Background This is the first album to feature bassist Hunter Burgan, although he was not a permanent member at the time as well as the final album to feature founding guitarist Mark Stopholese. Future band member Jade Puget performed backing vocals for the album as well, making Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes the first AFI album the band's current members collaborated in. Nick 13 from American rock band Tiger Army is featured in the track "A Single Second", performing vocals in the chorus of the song. A music video directed by Darren Doane and Ken Daurio was made for the track "Third Season." It features the band themselves sitting in a suburban town while a slew of children chase an ice cream truck. The inner-edge of the album's CD case reveals the hidden message "A Fire Inside", a lyric from the introductory track "Keeping Out of Direct Sunlight". This is the first album to quote the phrase, which eventually became AFI's permanent acronym. Track listingPersonnel Credits adapted from liner notes. * AFI – producer * Hunter Burgan – bass, programming, keyboards, backing vocals * Adam Carson – drums, backing vocals * Andy Ernst – engineer * Davey Havok – lead vocals * Mark Stopholese – lead guitar, backing vocals * Nick 13 – rhythm guitar, backing vocals; harmony vocals * Jade Puget – additional guitar, additional programming, additional keyboard, backing vocals * Eddy Shreyer – masterering ;Studios * Recorded at Art of Ears, Hayward, CA * Mastered at Oasis References Category:1997 albums Category:AFI (band) albums Category:Nitro Records albums "