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"Echinocactus grusonii, popularly known as the golden barrel cactus, golden ball or mother-in-law's cushion, is a well known species of cactus, and is endemic to east-central Mexico. It is rare and endangered in the wild, where it is found near Mesa de León in the state of Querétaro, and in the state of Hidalgo.IUCN: Echinocactus grusonii . accessed 6.3-.2013 The population was critically reduced in the 1990s, by the creation of the Zimapán Dam and reservoir in Hidalgo. The cactus grows in volcanic rock on slopes, at altitudes around . Taxonomy Echinocactus grusonii belongs to the small genus Echinocactus, which together with the related genus Ferocactus, are commonly referred to as barrel cacti. The species was first described by German plantsman Heinrich Hildmann in 1891. While sometimes referred to as golden ball, this species is not to be confused with Notocactus leninghausii which have fuzzy, harmless spines and are native to Brazil and Paraguay. Description Growing as a large roughly spherical globe, Echinocactus grusonii may eventually reach over in height after many years. Younger Golden Barrel plants do not look similar to mature specimens. The generation lifetime is estimated to be 30 years. There may be up to 35 pronounced ribs in mature plants, though they are not evident in young plants, which may have a knobbly appearance. The sharp spines are long, straight or slightly curved, and various shades of yellow or, occasionally, white. Small yellow flowers appear in summer around the crown of the plant, but only after twenty years or so. Cultivation Golden barrel cacti at the Huntington Echinocactus grusonii is widely cultivated by specialty plant nurseries as an ornamental plant, for planting in containers, desert habitat gardens, rock gardens, and in conservatories. . accessed 6.30.2013 A white-spined form, and a short-spined form, are also in cultivation. It is one of the most popular cacti in cultivation and has increasingly become popular as an architectural accent plant in contemporary garden designs. The cactus is considered easy and relatively fast growing in warmer climates around the world. The plants do have some basic requirements; an average minimum winter temperature of 12 °C (53.6 °F); and good drainage with less watering in winter. Excess water in cool periods may lead to rot. Golden Barrels are hardy to about −8 °C (15 °F) for brief periods. Beyond Central Mexico, Echinocactus grusonii specimens may also be seen in collections of desert plants in many botanical gardens. In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. Gallery File:Golden Barrel cactus, Huntington Desert Garden.jpgMature golden barrels showing their distinctive clustering habit. Photo from the Huntington Desert Garden in California. Asiento de suegra (Echinocactus grusonii), Jardín Botánico, Múnich, Alemania, 2013-09-08, DD 02.JPGCloseup of the top. Image:Echinocactus grusonii spineless form.jpgEchinocactus grusonii, a nearly spineless form File:Echinocactus grusonii (detail) at the US Botanic Garden - Sept 2011.jpgEchinocactus grusonii spine detail at the United States Botanic Gardens File:Golden Barrel Cactus (3D Crossview).jpgStereoscopic crossview of a golden barrel cactus. File:Echinocactus grusonii 12.JPGSpine detail Image:Fiore.jpgFlower detail File:Echinocactus grusonii 13.JPGFruit detail File:Echinocactus grusonii 24.JPGSeeds See also *Cacti of Mexico References External links dunu grusonii Category:Cacti of Mexico Category:Endemic flora of Mexico Category:Flora of Central Mexico Category:Flora of Hidalgo (state) Category:Flora of Querétaro Category:Critically endangered biota of Mexico Category:Critically endangered flora of North America Category:Garden plants of North America Category:Drought-tolerant plants "
"Frederick Gage Todd (March 11, 1876 – February 15, 1948) was the first resident landscape architect in Canada. For the majority of his life he was one of a small group committed to the art and practice of structuring urban growth in the first half of the century. His projects ranged from Vancouver, B.C. to St John's, Newfoundland, from the smallest scale details of garden design to a study of the nation's capital. Chronological events Frederick G. Todd was born March 11, 1876 in Concord, New Hampshire. He attended the agricultural college in Amherst, Massachusetts where he studied botany, biology, agriculture and site engineering. After completing school in 1896 be became an apprentice as a landscape architect with the firm of Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot, in Brookline, Massachusetts until he moved to Montreal in 1900. During Todd's time in Montreal he established the first resident practices of landscape architecture in Canada. In 1903 Todd prepared a comprehensive report on the future growth of the nation's capital for the Ottawa Improvement Commission. Between 1904 and 1907 Todd prepared and executed the plans for Assiniboine Park in Winnipeg and Wascana Park in Regina, and developed a prototype for future garden cities. In 1905 he became a fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects. Between 1907 and 1912 Frederick designed three major garden city projects in British Columbia; Shaughnessy Heights and Point Grey in Vancouver, and Port Mann on the Fraser River. From 1913 to 1918 he designed and supervised major urban parks in Quebec City and Bowring Park in St. John's, Newfoundland as well as developed the model city plan for the town of Mount Royal Montreal. Todd also worked as a consultant for Alcan and designed a number of private gardens and institutional grounds as well as urban parks for smaller urban communities between 1918 and 1930. From 1930 to 1940 he designed and supervised major public works projects in Quebec during the depression including St. Helen's Island (1936), Beaver Lake in Mount Royal Park (1939) and developed a proposal for an impressive sports centre for the British Empire and Olympic games in Maisonneuve Park, Montreal (1938). In 1939, Todd was elected president of the Quebec Horticultural Society. In 1945, he was appointed vice-president of the City Improvement League, Montreal. Between 1945 and 1948 he initiated plans and supervised construction of the Garden of the Way of the Cross adjacent to St. Joseph's Oratory. On February 15, 1948 he died in Montreal at the age of 71. Design Projects While working under Frederick Law Olmsted's firm, Todd helped with the design plan for Mount Royal along with many houses designed by William Sutherland Maxwell and Edward Maxwell. It is said that when Frederick Todd began working on his own that his "influence on his home city of Montreal was profound" which included many works created for private or public along with individuals and groups. Some of his works in Montreal included, St. Helene Island Parks, or otherwise known as Ile de Ste. Helene , some work on Mount Royal Mountain, Memorial Cemetery , and the Garden of the Way of the Cross. Todd was also the designer for some other public spaces, for example:Plains of Abraham and the National Capital, which was the Ottawa Improvement Commission Report (Cultivating,1), Shaughnessy Heights , Bowring Park, and some design plans for Trinity College in Toronto. Todd also worked on a number of smaller projects, including some residences and works for other cities within Canada. Todd was involved in a number of organizations including the Civic Improvement League, the Olmsted Legacy, the director of the Parks and Playgrounds Association , the Community Garden League of Montreal, and finally the councilor of the Montreal Municipal Council. He was very active and "devoted much time and energy to a variety of civic institutions and was a fellow of three professional organizations: the American Society of Landscape Architects, the Canadian Society of Landscape Architects and the Town Planning Institute of Canada" (Todd, 1). Importance Frederick G. Todd is an influential and important figure in history for a few reasons. Although he is not a well known landscape architect, even in Canada, he created many spaces that still remain today. He was considered a "modest man whose work and ideals are little known," however he is responsible for much of Canada's beauty and usefulness (Todd, 1). Todd worked on many improvement plans for the communities that also made him very influential to most of North America. He created many designs that dealt with "parks, open spaces, public institutions, roadways, and neighborhoods," some of which were donations and gifts to the communities (CSLA, 1). One of the most defining points of Frederick Todd as a designer was how he "popularized naturalistic landscape designs and the idea of a ‘necklace of parks’ as linked open spaces- a concept still used today" (OALA, 1). Many people respect Canadian landscape architects for three main features that most exhibit in their professional practices; creativity, sensitivity, and practicality. Todd was a person that, although not widely known, was considered "one of the great landscape architects and urban planners in Canada at the end of the 19th Century" who had created a respectable image as a designer that will remain prominent in Canadian history over time. External links & References Advisory Council's Report https://web.archive.org/web/20061010232956/http://www.parliamenthill.gc.ca/text/acr03_e.html Backgrounder: American Society of Landscape Architects http://www.asla.org/nonmembers/publicrelations/backgrdrbiog.htm Canadian Society of Landscape Architects https://web.archive.org/web/20070312060152/http://www.csla.ca/eng/engdocs/briefhis.html City Planning and Urban Beautification http://cac.mcgill.ca/maxwells/essay/06.htm Cultivating Canadian Gardens https://web.archive.org/web/20061028103358/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/garden/h11-2024-e.html Frederick G. Todd http://jph.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/1/29 Ontario Association of Landscape Architects https://web.archive.org/web/20070930191706/http://www.oala.on.ca/articles.aspx?catID=314 The Canadian Encyclopedia Todd Jacobs, Peter. (1983). Frederick G. Todd and the Creation of Canada's Urban Landscape.15(4).27-34 References Category:1876 births Category:1948 deaths Category:Canadian landscape architects Category:People from Concord, New Hampshire Category:People from Mount Royal, Quebec "
"Kypria may refer to: * Cypria (AKA Kypria), an epic poem of ancient Greek literature * Kypria festival, an annual international festival in Cyprus "