Appearance
🎉 your bitcoin🥳
"Robert Havemann (11 March 1910 – 9 April 1982) was an East German chemist and dissident. Life and career He studied chemistry in Berlin and Munich from 1929 to 1933, and then later received a doctorate in physical chemistry from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. Havemann joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1932 and was one of the founders of the resistance group, European Union. It was in connection with this group that he was arrested by the Gestapo in 1943. He received a death sentence, but his execution was continually postponed because of the intervention of former colleagues, who insisted that Havemann was as important as his work on chemical weapons had been and that he was still needed to explain the research. His execution was postponed so many times, he was able to survive until the Brandenburg-Görden Prison was liberated by the Red Army.Bernd Florath. "Die Europäische Union," essay in Johannes Tuchel, Der vergessene Widerstand — zu Realgeschichte und Wahrnehmung des Kampfes gegen die NS-Diktatur, pp. 114-139. (2001) Wallstein Verlag. Claudia Keller. "Späte Ehre für die selbstlosen Retter" ("Late Honor for the selfless Lifesaver") Der Taggespiel (July 6, 2005) Retrieved March 16, 2010 After the war, he became head of administration in the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Berlin, but in 1948 he was dismissed from this position due to political pressure from the American authorities in West Berlin. He continued his scientific work in the institute until he got barred from his laboratory in January 1950. He then became a professor of physical chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He became a member of the Volkskammer in 1950 and won one of the GDR's national prizes in 1959. In 1963 he lectured on 'Scientific Aspects of Philosophical Problems' (published as 'Dialectic without Dogmatism—Natural Sciences against Communistic Ideology') and was expelled from the ruling Socialist Unity Party and dismissed from the University—officially because he gave an interview to a newspaper from West Germany. His son Florian Havemann (born 12 January 1952 in East Berlin) fled to West Germany in 1971. Havemann was a victim of the Stasi's psychological warfare program. He continued his work as a socialist critic and was put under house arrest in 1976, at his home in the village of Grünheide. This continued until his death in 1982, after a long time suffering from lung disease. In 1989 he was politically rehabilitated by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. In 2005, Havemann was awarded the title Righteous among the Nations by the Israeli Holocaust memorial, Yad Vashem."Israel honours memory of anti-Nazi 'European Union'" Reuters (June 20, 2006) Retrieved March 17, 2010 References * External links *Official website of the award winning film The Burning Wall *Hartmut Jäckel. "Der Dissident der aus der Kälte kam" ("The dissident who came out from the cold") Die Welt (March 10, 2010). Retrieved March 18, 2010 *Robert Havemann – his activity to save Jews' lives during the Holocaust, at Yad Vashem website Category:1910 births Category:1982 deaths Category:Scientists from Munich Category:People from the Kingdom of Bavaria Category:Communist Party of Germany politicians Category:Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians Category:Members of the Provisional Volkskammer Category:Members of the 1st Volkskammer Category:Members of the 2nd Volkskammer Category:Members of the 3rd Volkskammer Category:Cultural Association of the GDR members Category:German chemists Category:Colloid chemists Category:Red Orchestra (espionage) Category:Communists in the German Resistance Category:East German dissidents Category:Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin Category:German Righteous Among the Nations Category:Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany Category:Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver "
"Arthur Judson Brown (December 3, 1856 – January 11, 1963) was an American clergyman, missionary and author. Brown was born in Holliston, Massachusetts, and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1883. Brown preached in various cities throughout the United States, including Portland, Oregon and Oak Park, Illinois from 1883 to 1895. Often termed a "missionary statesman," Brown traveled throughout the world—most notably in China and other Asian countries. During the time Brown surveyed China, he wrote a seventeen-volume diary of what he'd seen and discovered. Over time, Brown communicated with Roman Catholic, Jewish, and Greek Orthodox leaders, in addition to such influential Protestant clergymen as Henry Sloane Coffin, Nathan Söderblom, and John R. Mott. Brown himself received letters from five American Presidents and various other government officials. Booker T. Washington, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. (1839–1937), and John Wanamaker were among his famous American correspondents. In addition, members of European and Asian royalty, including Chinese general and emperor, Yuan Shih-kai, were in communication with Brown. Overall, Brown will be remembered as a pioneer in the ecumenical and world missionary movements of the 19th and 20th centuries and was an individual who was active in and out of the church. He served in a plethora of notable positions. The following is a lengthy chronology of Brown's achievements and activities. During this time Brown also preached at various churches. Arthur Judson Brown died in New York City in 1963, 39 days after celebrating his 106th birthday. He was subsequently buried in Orange, New Jersey. Career chronology *1887: Moderator of the Synod of Chicago. *1890: Chairman of the Portland City Board of Charities; drafts law organizing Oregon's first State Board of Charities and Corrections *1895–1929: serves as Administrative Secretary, later General Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. *1896: first attends the Foreign Mission Conference of North America; later becomes first Chairman of the Committee of Reference and Counsel (16 years), and Chairman of the Emergency Committee on Support of Missionary Societies. *1898–1900: Ecumenical Missionary Conference, New York—member Executive Committee; Chairman—Hospitality Committee. *1901–1902: world trip to Asian missions. *1909: made world trip. *1910: World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland—member Executive Committee; Chairman, American Section; member of Continuation Committee for 16 years. *1910: Commission of the Federal Council of Churches on Relief for Protestant Churches in France and Belgium-Chairman; resumes following World War I. *1913: awarded D.D., Yale University. *1913–1963: Council on Religion and International Affairs (formerly The Church Peace Union)--Charter Trustee; member Executive and Finance Committees; treasurer since 1936. *1914: British and Foreign Bible Society—Honorary Foreign Member.1914: World Alliance for Promoting International Friendship Through Religion-member Executive Committee. *1914–1937: Peking Union Medical College, China—trustee; member Executive Committee; post 1937—member Advisory Committee. *1915: Near East Relief- trustee. *1915–1918: Moral Aims of World War I—member Executive Committee. *1915–1919: National Committee on Relief of Children in Belgium—member Organizing and Executive Committees. *1915–1963: Hall of Fame for Great Americans—elector. *1917: Foreign Missions Conference of North America- Chairman. League of Nations Non-Partisan Association—Honorary Vice-President. *1918–1940: Hungary-American Society—Chairman of Executive Committee, Vice President; 1920– Chairman of Deputation to Hungary. *1919: Committee on Relief for Protestant Churches in Devastated Regions in Europe in World War I. *1920–1937: American Committee on Religious Rights and Minorities—Chairman; 1937-Honorary Chairman. *1920: Life and Work Movement—member of delegation sent by Federal Council of Churches of U.S. for its delegation 1920: Greek Decoration—Officer of the Royal Order of George I. Emergency Committee for Relief of Refugees in Greece—Chairman. *1921: International Missionary Council—organizer. *1921: Siamese Decoration—Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant. *1924: National Committee on American-Japanese Relations—member. *1925: Conference of Reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian System, Cardiff, Wales—Committee member and speaker. *1925: Universal Christian Conference on Life and Work, Stockholm, Sweden-Joint President; Chairman-American Section; helps establish "Life and Work". headquarters at Geneva in 1928; Chairman-Continuation Committee until 1936. *1927: World Conference on Faith and Order, Lausanne, Switzerland—delegate; American-Palestine Committee—member. *1930: editor the Missionary Review of the World for one year. *1931: Save the Children Federation—first President; 1931-1936-Honorary President; member Executive Committee. *1933–1937: International World Alliance of Presbyterian and Reformed Churches-Vice- President: President-American Section. *1937: Eugene Field Society (National Literary Association)-honorary membership *1960: Hall of Fame for Great Americans—citation. As noted, Brown was appointed as a life elector for the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, serving from 1915–1963, a period of 48 years. Writings Brown is also remembered for his career as an author. In his 106 years of life, he authored numerous books. The following is a listing of Brown's works. *Report of a Visitation of the China Missions (1902) *The New Era in the Philippines (1903) *New Forces in Old China, 7volumes (1904) *The Foreign Missionary (1907 *The Nearer and Farther East (1908) *The Why and How of Foreign Missions (1908) *The Chinese Revolution (1912) *The Korean conspiracy case (1912) *Rising Churches in Non-Christian Lands (1915) *Unity and Missions (1915) *Russia in Transformation (1917) *The Mastery of the Far East (1919) modern reprint *The Expectation of Siam (1925) *Japan in the World of Today (1928) *One Hundred Years (1936) *Memoirs of a Centenarian (1957) See also *19th-century Protestant missions in China *List of Protestant missionaries in China *Christianity in China External links Category:1856 births Category:1963 deaths Category:People from Holliston, Massachusetts Category:American Presbyterian ministers Category:American Presbyterian missionaries Category:Presbyterian missionaries in China Category:Historians from Massachusetts Category:American religious writers Category:Christian writers Category:American sinologists Category:American centenarians Category:Gold crosses of the Order of George I Category:American expatriates in China Category:Presbyterian missionaries in the United States Category:Religious leaders from Massachusetts "
"Adémar de Chabannes manuscript drawing of St. Cybard in Adémar's hand. Adémar de Chabannes (sometimes Adhémar de Chabannes) (c. 9891034Landes (1995, 77).) was an eleventh-century French monk, a historian, a musical composer and a successful literary forger. Life Adémar was born at Chabannes, a village in today's Haute-Vienne département of France. Educated at the Abbey Saint- Martial de Limoges, he passed his life as a monk, both there and at the monastery of Saint-Cybard at Angoulême. Adémar died around 1034, most probably at Jerusalem, where he had gone on a pilgrimage. Writings The intonation formulas for the 8 tones according to the Aquitanian tonary, which has been partly notated by Adémar (F-Pn lat. 909, fol. 151r-154r) When Adémar joined the Abbey Saint Martial of Limoges, he was educated by his uncle Roger de Chabannes, cantor of the Abbey between 1010 until his death in 1025.James Grier (2006). Adémar learned calligraphy, to read, to compose and to notate liturgical chant, to compile and to revise liturgical books, and to compose and to write liturgical poetry, homilies, chronicles and hagiography.James Grier (1995). His life was mainly spent in writing and transcribing chant books and chronicles, and his principal work is a history entitled Chronicon Aquitanicum et Francicum or Historia Francorum. This is in three books and deals with Frankish history from the reign of Pharamond, king of the Franks, to 1028. The first two books are scarcely more than a copy of earlier histories of Frankish kings, such as the Liber Historiae Francorum, the Continuation of Fredegar and the Annales regni Francorum. The third book, which deals with the period from 814 to 1028, is of considerable historical importance. It relies partly on the Chronicon Aquitanicum, to which Adémar himself added a final notice for the year 1028. Forgery He embraced the developing tale that Saint Martial, the third century bishop who Christianized the Limoges district, had actually lived centuries earlier, and was in fact one of the original apostles. And he supplemented the less than scanty documentation for the alleged 'apostolicity' of Martial, first with a forged Life of Martial, as if composed by Martial's successor, Bishop Aurelian. To effect this claim, he composed an "Apostolic Mass" that still exists in Adémar's own hand (F-Pn lat. 1121, ff. 28v-32v). The local bishop and abbot seem to have cooperated in the project and the mass was first sung on Sunday, August 3, 1029.See James Grier's entry for "Adémar de Chabannes" in the New Grove Dictionary. Unfortunately for Adémar, the liturgy was disrupted by a travelling monk, Benedict of Chiusa, who denounced the improved Vita of Martial as a provincial forgery and the new liturgy as offensive to God. The word spread, and the promising young monk was disgraced. Adémar's reaction was to build forgery upon forgery, inventing a Council of 1031 that confirmed the 'apostolic' status of Martial, even a forged papal letter. The reality of this pathological tissue of forgeries was only unravelled in the 1920s, by a historian, Louis Saltet. Mainstream Catholic historians ignored Saltet's revelations until the 1990s. In the long run, Adémar was successful. By the late 11th century, Martial was indeed venerated in Aquitaine as an apostle, though his legend was doubted elsewhere. In a very direct way, Adémar's Mass shows the power of liturgy to effect worship. Works and legacy Adémar composed his musical Mass and office according to the local school of his uncle Roger who worked as a cantor between 1010 until his death in 1025 at St. Martial Abbey using those modal patterns, as they have been documented in the tonaries of the new troper-prosers (F-Pn lat. 1121, 909), chant books to which Adémar had partly contributed as a notator. Concerning the Apostolic feast of the patron he composed as well the hymns as the music which had become the metier of a cantor at Saint Martial. For this liturgical occasion which he had to create, he contributed like other cantors with own compositions, especially in the tropes (extended musical items added to existing liturgical texts). According to James Grier, Professor of Music History in the Don Wright Faculty of Music at the University of Western Ontario, Adémar was the first person to write music using the musical notation still in use today. He placed the musical notes above the text, higher or lower according to the pitch. Professor Grier states that "Placement on the vertical axis remains the standard convention for indicating pitch in notation in Western culture and there is far greater weight on pitch than on many other elements such as dynamics and timbre". Therefore, in discovering this document written around 1000 years in the past, Professor Grier turns Adémar in one of the first—if not the first—to write music using "modern" notation. Notes Primary sources = Manuscripts = = Editions = *Chronicon Aquitanicum et Francicum or Historia Francorum, ed. Jules Chavanon. Chronicon. Collection des textes pour servir à l'étude et à l'enseignement de l'histoire 20. Paris, 1897. *Sermons, ed. and tr. Edmond Pognon, L'an mille. Oeuvres de Liutprand, Raoul Glaber, Adémar de Chabannes, Adalberon [et] Helgaud. Mémoires du passé pour servir au temps présent 6. Paris, 1947. References *Holland, Tom. Millennium. London: Abacus, 2009. * *Leyser, Karl. "The Ascent of Latin Europe." In Communications and Power in Medieval Europe. The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries London, 1994. Inaugural lecture, first published as Karl Leyser, The Ascent of Latin Europe. Oxford, 1986. * *James Grier, "Hoax, History, and Hagiography in Adémar de Chabannes's Texts for the Divine Office," in Robert A. Maxwell (ed), Representing History, 900–1300: Art, Music, History (University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State University press, 2010), Further reading * External links *Adémar de Chabannes on Find A Grave * Category:980s births Category:1034 deaths Category:People from Haute- Vienne Category:French historians Category:French composers Category:French male composers Category:11th-century French writers Category:French Christian monks Category:Forgers Category:Tonaries Category:French male non-fiction writers Category:11th-century Latin writers Category:11th-century historians Category:11th-century composers "