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"The Anne Beadell Highway is an outback unsealed track linking Coober Pedy, South Australia, and Laverton, Western Australia, a total distance of . The track was surveyed and built by Len Beadell, Australian surveyor, who named it after his wife. The track passes through remote arid deserts and scrub territory of South Australia and Western Australia, which often have summer temperatures as high as . Sand dunes predominate for most of the track. Map and overview File:Anne Beadell Highway 0116.svgThe Anne Beadell Highway (depicted in purple) Map details as at 1972 The road was constructed to provide access for a series of surveys adding to the overall geodetic survey of unexplored parts of Australia. The information was required for rocket range projects at Woomera. Construction was completed in five stages, spanning nine years from 1953 to 1962. The first stage from Mabel Creek station near Coober Pedy, west towards Emu Field, was built in February and March 1953 to provide access for British atomic tests at Emu Field. This stage preceded the formation of Beadell's Gunbarrel Road Construction Party, and was the first road built by Beadell. The second stage was begun in July 1957 in the reverse direction, from Anne's Corner towards Emu Field, after Beadell had completed the Mount Davies Road in the north-west of South Australia. The third stage was commenced in August 1961, running westward from Anne's Corner to Vokes Hill. In April 1962 the fourth stage proceeded west from Vokes Hill, beyond Serpentine Lakes towards the future Neale Junction where the construction party arrived on 16 August. From Neale Junction during August and September 1962 the north-south Connie Sue Highway was constructed between Warburton and Rawlinna. The fifth stage of the Anne Beadell Highway was then commenced, and was completed at Yamarna near Lake Yeo when it joined an existing track to Laverton on 17 November 1962. Beadell put considerable effort into rediscovering Vokes Hill while surveying the track, as a new device called a Tellurometer was being introduced. It used radio waves for distance measurement, thus requiring high points for operation. Fuel and supplies The track is suitable for only well-provisioned and experienced four-wheel drivers. There are no settlements between Coober Pedy and Laverton. A roadhouse named Ilkurlka in Western Australia, opened in 2003, west of the Western Australia - South Australian state border at the intersection of the Madura Loongana Track (Aboriginal Business Road) and the Anne Beadell Highway. The roadhouse caters mainly for local Aboriginal communities and may be the most isolated roadhouse in Australia. There are still no provisions for the between Ilkurlka and Coober Pedy. Places of interest Neale Junction, where the Anne Beadell Highway intersects with the Connie Sue Highway (another outback track constructed by Len Beadell), is west of Ilkurlka. This plane wreck provides a sudden change in scenery on an isolated road () The track passes through the former British atomic test site of Emu Field, rabbit and dog fences, restricted nature conservation areas, and Aboriginal lands, all of which require permits to pass through. Also of interest is the wreck of a light aircraft near the track in Western Australia. The road also passes through Mamungari Conservation Park in South Australia which is one of Australia's fourteen World Biosphere Reserves and the Tallaringa Conservation Park. Conditions Because the track is remote and not signposted, GPS is advisable and HF radio or satellite phone are recommended. In good conditions, it may take 5 days to complete the journey. However, hazards such as flat tyres, breakdowns, and the occasional flash floods must be taken into account. See also * Gunbarrel Road Construction Party * Highways in Australia * List of highways in South Australia * List of highways in Western Australia References External links * Anne Beadell Trek on ExplorOz *Australia's Biosphere Reserves Category:Tracks in remote areas of Western Australia Category:Goldfields-Esperance Category:Far North (South Australia) Category:Roads built by Len Beadell "
"The Moulin de la Galette is a windmill and associated businesses situated near the top of the district of Montmartre in Paris. Since the 17th century the windmill has been known for more than just its milling capabilities. Nineteenth-century owners and millers, the Debray family, made a brown bread, galette, which became popular and thus the name of the windmill and its businesses, which have included a famous guinguette and restaurant. In the 19th century, Le Moulin de la Galette represented diversion for Parisians seeking entertainment, a glass of wine and bread made from flour ground by the windmill. Artists, such as Renoir, van Gogh, and Pissarro have immortalized Le Moulin de la Galette; likely the most notable was Renoir's festive painting, Bal du moulin de la Galette. Windmill The present day Moulin de la Galette restaurant topped by the original Moulin Radet. The windmill Moulin de la Galette, also known as Blute-fin, was built in 1622. The name Blute-fin comes from the French verb bluter which means sifting flour for the separation from bran. The Debray family acquired the two mills in 1809 for producing flour, the Blute-fin and the Radet, built in 1717. But it was also used to pressurize the harvest or grind materials needed for manufacturing. An association Friends of Old Montmartre saved it from destruction in 1915. In 1924, its owner moved the windmill to the corner of Girardon and Lepic streets. It was restored in 1978, but is not running. The windmill has been classified as a monument since 1958. Moulin de la Galette Sieges in 1814 and 1870 At the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814, during the siege of Paris three Debray men lost their lives defending the windmill against Cossacks; the miller was killed and nailed to the wings of the windmill. During the Franco-Prussian War Montmartre was attacked by 20,000 Prussian soldiers. During the siege, Pierre- Charles Debray was killed and nailed to the wings of the windmill. A mass grave for those killed during the siege was made just steps away from the Moulin de la Galette. Commercial expansion The mill was turned into a by the surviving son of the miller killed during the siege of Paris in 1814. Auguste Renoir, Bal du moulin de la Galette 1876 The current name Moulin de la Galette is based upon galette, a small brown bread that the Debray millers, who owned the mill in the 19th century, made and sold with a glass of milk. The tasty bread became so popular that it later became the name of the windmill. In 1830, they replaced milk with wine (especially the local Montmartre wine) and the windmill became a cabaret. Parisians made their way to Montmartre to enjoy "the simple pleasures" of the countryside with a glass of wine, freshly baked bread and a terrace view of Paris and the Seine below. In 1833, one of the Debrays decided to open an area for dancing, dedicated to the Greek muse Terpsichore. His flair for dancing and enthusiasm attracted patrons to the dancing hall and it became a success. Author Émile Zola wrote in 1876, "We rushed off into the countryside to celebrate the joy of not having to listen to any more talk about politics," which often meant reflection of France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Montmartre, attainable by a train ride or a one-hour walk, was still a village with orchards, shops and two remaining windmills. Photo of Moulin de la Galette in 1885 Moulin de la Galette panorama As the nearby fields were replaced with housing and factories, Nicholas Charles Debray sought commercial opportunities to remain a going concern. One of the windmills was turned into a viewing tower and a dance hall was opened adjacently. People came to the relaxed, popular Moulin de la Galette for entertainment and dancing. Over its history, the building has experienced a wide range of uses: open-air cafe, music-hall, television studios and restaurant. It is now a private property. The windmill Radet, however, marks the entrance to a bistro named Le Moulin de la Galette. Gallery File:Moulin de la Galette BW.jpgMoulin de la Galette black and white File:Moulin de la Galette BW 2.jpg File:Moulin de la Galette BW 3.jpg The windmill in art The area has been depicted by artists such as Pierre- Auguste Renoir, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, Ramon Casas,Bal du Moulin de la Galette – Ramon Casas at usuarios.lycos.es Paul François Quinsac,Quinsac's painting Moulin de la Galette Kees van Dongen and Maurice Utrillo. File:Vincent Willem van Gogh 066.jpgVincent van Gogh, Le Moulin de la Galette 1886 File:Vincent van Gogh - Windmills on Montmartre - Google Art Project.jpgLe Moulin de Blute-Fin (1886) from the Le Moulin de la Galette and Montmartre series' File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 025.jpgHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Au bal du moulin de la Galette 1889 References External links Category:Post mills in France Category:Buildings and structures in the 18th arrondissement of Paris Category:Monuments historiques of Paris Category:Windmills completed in 1622 Category:Montmartre Category:Grinding mills in France Category:1622 establishments in France Category:Tourist attractions in Paris "
"Transplanting an olive tree in Greece In agriculture and gardening transplanting or replanting is the technique of moving a plant from one location to another. Most often this takes the form of starting a plant from seed in optimal conditions, such as in a greenhouse or protected nursery bed, then replanting it in another, usually outdoor, growing location. This is common in market gardening and truck farming, where setting out or planting out are synonymous with transplanting. In the horticulture of some ornamental plants, transplants are used infrequently and carefully because they carry with them a significant risk of killing the plant.Basics of horticulture - Simson, Straus. Oxford Book Company, Edition 2010 Transplanting has a variety of applications, including: * Extending the growing season by starting plants indoors, before outdoor conditions are favorable; * Protecting young plants from diseases and pests until they are sufficiently established; * Avoiding germination problems by setting out seedlings instead of direct seeding. Different species and varieties react differently to transplanting; for some, it is not recommended. In all cases, avoiding transplant shock--the stress or damage received in the process--is the principal concern. Plants raised in protected conditions usually need a period of acclimatization, known as hardening off (see also frost hardiness). Also, root disturbance should be minimized. The stage of growth at which transplanting takes place, the weather conditions during transplanting, and treatment immediately after transplanting are other important factors. Transplant production systems Commercial growers employ what are called containerized and non-containerized transplant production. Containerized transplants or plugs allow separately grown plants to be transplanted with the roots and soil intact. Typically grown in peat pots (a pot made of compressed peat), soil blocks (compressed blocks of soil), paper pots or multiple-cell containers such as plastic packs (four to twelve cells) or larger plug trays made of plastic or styrofoam. Non-containerized transplants are typically grown in greenhouse ground beds or benches, outdoors in-ground with row covers and hotbeds, and in-ground in the open field. The plants are pulled with bare roots for transplanting, which are less-expensive than containerized transplants, but with lower yields due to poorer plant reestablishment. Containerized stock Containerized planting stock is classified by the type and size of container used. A great variety of containers has been used, with various degrees of success. Some containers are designed to be planted with the tree e.g., the tar paper pot, the Alberta peat sausage, the Walters square bullet, and paper pot systems, are filled with rooting medium and planted with the tree (Tinus and McDonald 1979).Tinus, R.W.; McDonald, S.E. 1979. How to grow tree seedlings in containers in greenhouses. USDA, For. Serv., Rocky Mountain For. Range Exp. Sta., Fort Collins CO, Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-60. 256 p. (Cited in Nienstaedt and Zasada 1990). Also planted with the tree are other containers that are not filled with rooting medium, but in which the container is a molded block of growing medium, as with Polyloam, Tree Start, and BR-8 Blocks. Designs of containers for raising planting stock have been many and various. Containerized white spruce stock is now the norm. Most containers are tube-like; both diameter and volume affect white spruce growth (Hocking and Mitchell 1975, Carlson and Endean 1976).Hocking, D.; Mitchell, D.L. 1975. The influences of rooting volume, seedling espacement and substratum density on greenhouse growth of lodgepole pine, white spruce, and Douglas fir grown in extruded peat cylinders. Can. J. For. Res. 5:440–451. [hj, Coates et al. 1994]Carlson, L.W.; Endean, F. 1976. The effect of rooting volume and container configuration on the early growth of white spruce seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 6:221–225. White spruce grown in a container having a 1:1 height:diameter produced significantly greater dry weight than those in containers of 3:1 and 6:1 height:diameter configurations. Total dry weight and shoot length increased with increasing container volume. The larger the container, the fewer deployed per unit area. However, the biological advantage of size has been enough to influence a pronounced swing towards larger containers in British Columbia (Coates et al. 1994).Coates, K.D.; Haeussler, S.; Lindeburgh, S.; Pojar, R.; Stock, A.J. 1994. Ecology and silviculture of interior spruce in British Columbia. Canada/British Columbia Partnership Agreement For. Resour. Devel., Victoria BC, FRDA Rep. 220. 182 p. The number of PSB211 (2 cm top diameter, 11 cm long) styroblock plugs ordered in British Columbia decreased from 14,246,000 in 1981 to zero in 1990, while orders for PSB415 (4 cm top diameter, 15 cm long) styroblock plugs increased in the same period from 257 000 to 41 008 000, although large stock is more expensive than small to raise, distribute, and plant. Other containers are not planted with the tree, e.g., Styroblock, Superblock, Copperblock, and Miniblock container systems, produce Styroplug seedlings with roots in a cohesive plug of growing medium. The plug cavities vary in volume by various combinations of top diameter and depth, from 39 to 3260 mL, but those most commonly used, at least in British Columbia, are in the range 39 mL to 133 mL (Van Eerden and Gates 1990).Van Eerden, E.; Gates, J.W. 1990. Seedling production and processing: container. p. 226–234 in Lavender, D.P.; Parish, R.; Johnson, C.M.; Montgomery, G.; Vyse, A.; Willis, R.A.; Winston, D. (Eds.). Regenerating British Columbia’s Forests. Univ. B.C. Press, Vancouver BC. (Cited in Coates et al. 1994) The BC-CFS Styroblock plug, developed in 1969/70, has become the dominant stock type for interior spruce in British Columbia (Van Eerden and Gates 1990, Coates et al. 1994). Plug sizes are indicated by a 3-figure designation, the 1st figure of which gives the top diameter and the other 2 figures the depth of the plug cavity, both dimensions approximations in centimetres. The demand for larger plugs has been increasing strongly (Table 6.24; Coates et al. 1994). Stock raised in some sizes of plug can vary in age class. In British Columbia, for example, PSB 415 and PSB 313 plugs are raised as 1+0 or 2+0. PSB 615 plugs are seldom raised other than as 2+0. Initially, the intention was to leave the plugs in situ in the Styroblocks until immediately before planting. But this led to logistic problems and reduced the efficiency of planting operations. Studies to compare the performance of extracted, packaged stock versus in situ stock seem not to have been carried out, but packaged stock has performed well and given no indication of distress. Forestry =Field storage= As advocated by Coates et al. (1994),Coates, K.D.; Haeussler, S.; Lindeburgh, S.; Pojar, R.; Stock, A.J. 1994. Ecology and silviculture of interior spruce in British Columbia. Canada/British Columbia Partnership Agreement For. Resour. Devel., Victoria BC, FRDA Rep. 220. 182 p. thawed planting stock taken to the field should optimally be kept cool at 1 °C to 2 °C in relative humidities over 90% (Ronco 1972a).Ronco, F. 1972a. Planting Engelmann spruce. USDA, For. Serv., Fort Collins CO, Res. Pap. RM-89. 24 p. For a few days, storage temperatures around 4.5 °C and humidities about 50% can be tolerated. Binder and Fielder (1988)Binder, W.D.; Fielder, P. 1988. The effects of elevated post-storage temperatures on the physiology and survival of white spruce seedlings. p. 122–126 in Landis, T.D. (Tech. Coord.). Proc. Combined Meet. Western For. Nursery Assoc’ns. USDA, For. Serv., Rocky Mount. For. Range Exp. Sta., Fort Collins CO, Gen. Tech., Rep. RM-167. 227 p. recommended that boxed seedlings retrieved from cold storage should not be exposed to temperatures above 10 °C. Refrigerator vans commonly used for transportation and on-site storage normally ‘maintain seedlings at 2 °C to 4 °C (Mitchell et al. 1980).Mitchell, W.K.; Dunsworth, G.; Simpson, D.F.; Vyse, A. 1980. Planting and seeding. p. 235–253 in Lavender, D.P., Parish, R., Johnson, C.M., Montgomery, G., Vyse, A., Willis, R.A.; Winston, E. (Eds.). Regenerating British Columbia’s Forests. Univ. B.C. Press, Vancouver BC. [Coates et al. 1994] Ronco (1972a, b)Ronco, F. 1972a. Planting Engelmann spruce. USDA, For. Serv., Fort Collins CO, Res. Pap. RM-89. 24 p.Ronco, F. 1972b. Planting Engelmann spruce: a field guide. USDA, For. Serv., Fort Collins CO, Res. Pap. RM-89A. 11 p. cautioned against using dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) to cool seedlings; he claimed that respiration and water transport in seedlings are disrupted by high concentrations of gaseous carbon dioxide. Coniferous planting stock is often held in frozen storage, mostly at −2 °C, for extended periods and then cool-stored (+2 °C) to thaw the root plug prior to outplanting. Thawing is necessary if frozen seedlings cannot be separated from one another and has been advocated by some in order to avoid possible loss of contact between plug and soil with shrinkage of the plug with melting of ice in the plug. Physiological activity is also greater under cool rather than frozen storage, but seedlings of interior spruce and Engelmann spruce that were planted while still frozen had only brief and transient physiological effects, including xylem water potential, (Camm et al. 1995, Silem and Guy 1998).Camm, E.L.; Guy, R.D.; Kubien, D.S.; Goetze, D.C.; Silim, S.N.; Burton, P.J. 1995. Physiological recovery of freezer-stored white and Engelmann spruce seedlings planted following different thawing regimes. New For. 10(1):55–77.Silem, S.N.; Guy, R.D. 1998. Influence of thawing duration on performance of conifer seedlings. p. 155–162 in Kooistra, C.M. (Tech. Coord.). Proc. 1995, 1996, and 1997 Ann. Meet. For. Nursery Assoc., B.C., For. Nursery Assoc.. B.C., Vernon BC. After 1 growing season, growth parameters did not differ between seedlings planted frozen and those planted thawed. Studies of storage and planting practices have generally focussed on the effects of duration of frozen storage and the effects of subsequent cool storage (e.g., Ritchie et al. 1985, Chomba et al. 1993, Harper and Camm 1993).Ritchie, G.A.; Roden, J.R.; Kleyn, N. 1985. Physiological quality of lodgepole pine and interior spruce seedlings: effects of lift date and duration of freezer storage. Can. J. For. Res. 15(4):636–645.Chomba, B.M.; Guy, R.D.; Weger, H.G. 1993. Carbohydrate reserve accumulation and depletion in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry): effects of cold storage and pre-storage CO2 enrichment. Tree Physiol. 13:351–364.Harper, G.J.; Camm, E.L. 1993. Effects of frozen storage duration and soil temperature on the stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis of Picea glauca seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 23(12):2459–2466. Reviews of colds storage techniques have paid little attention to the thawing process (Camm et al. 1994),Camm, E.L.; Goetze, D.C.; Silim, S.N.; Lavender, D.P. 1994. Cold storage of conifer seedlings: an update from the British Columbia perspective. For. Chron.70:311–316. or have merely noted that the rate of thawing is unlikely to cause damage (McKay 1997).McKay, H.M. 1997. A review of the effect of stresses between lifting and planting on nursery stock quality and performance. New For. 13(1–3):369–399. Kooistra and Bakker (2002)Kooistra, C.M.; Bakker, J.D. 2002. Planting frozen conifer seedlings: warming trends and effects on seedling performance. New For. 23:225–237. noted several lines of evidence suggesting that cool storage can have negative effects on seedling health. The rate of respiration is faster during cool storage than in frozen storage, so depleting carbohydrate reserves more rapidly. Certainly in the absence of light during cool storage, and to an indeterminate extent if seedlings are exposed to light (unusual), carbohydrate reserves are depleted (Wang and Zwiacek 1999).Wang, Y.; Zwiazek, J.J. 1999. Effects of early spring photosynthesis on carbohydrate content, bud flushing and root and shoot growth of Picea glauca bareroot seedlings. Scand. J. For. Res. 14:295–302. As well, Silem and Guy (1998), for instance, found that interior spruce seedlings had significantly lower total carbohydrate reserves if stored for 2 weeks at 2 °C than if thawed rapidly for 24 hours at 15 °C. Seedlings can rapidly lose cold hardiness in cool storage through increased respiration and consumption of intracellular sugars that function as cryoprotectants (Ogren 1997).Ogren, E. 1997. Relationship between temperature, respiratory loss of sugar and premature hardening in dormant Scots pine seedlings. Tree Physiology 17:47–51. Also, depletion of carbohydrate reserves impairs the ability of seedlings to make root growth. Finally, storage moulds are much more of a problem during cool than frozen storage. Kooistra and Bakker (2002), therefore, tested the hypothesis that such thawing is unnecessary. Seedlings of 3 species including interior spruce were planted with frozen root plugs (frozen seedlings) and with thawed root plugs (thawed seedlings). Thawed root plugs warmed to soil temperature in about 20 minutes; frozen root plugs took about 2 hours, ice in the plug having to melt before the temperature could rise above zero. Size of root plug influenced thawing time. These outplantings were into warm soil by boreal standards, and seedlings with frozen plugs might fare differently if outplanted into soil at temperatures more typical of planting sites in spring and at high elevations. Variable fluorescence did not differ between thawed and frozen seedlings. Bud break was no faster among thawed interior spruce seedlings than among frozen. Field performance did not differ between thawed and frozen seedlings. Gallery File:Transplanting 102z .jpgTransplanting a bilimbi tree (Averrhoa bilimbi) File:Transplanting 101z .jpgBilimbi tree after replanting File:Transplanting 103 .jpg File:Transplanting 104.jpg File:Transplanting 105 .jpg File:Tree transplanting in Australia.jpgTree transplanting in Australia See also * Seed tray * Transplant experiment References External links * Transplanting to improve the landscape of your Garden Category:Horticulture and gardening ar:تطعيم (نبات) "