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"Cazadero is an unincorporated historic locale in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. Cazadero was a station on the Estacada interurban railway line of the Portland Railway, Light and Power Company (PRL&P;) and later Portland Electric Power Company (PEPCO), near where the power plant of the PEPCO-owned Cazadero Dam was located on the Clackamas River. The station was named by the original promoters of the line, likely after Cazadero, California. Cazadero is a Spanish word meaning "a place for the pursuit of game". Cazadero post office operated from 1904–1918; it was located southeast of Cazadero station, near what is now Oregon Route 224 at . Railway history Service to Cazadero was routed via Lents and Gresham, along the Springwater Corridor, and the Gresham–Boring–Cazadero section was built in 1903–04, with electric interurban service reaching Boring in 1903 and Cazadero in 1904.Thompson, Richard (2008). Willamette Valley Railways, pp. 9, 11. Arcadia Publishing. . The line was built and operated by the Oregon Water Power and Railway Company (OWP), but by 1906 OWP had been taken over the PRL&P;,Labbe (1980), pp. 121–123. which in turn was reorganized as PEPCO in 1924.Labbe (1980), p. 141. Cazadero station was located three stations beyond Estacada on the interurban line and was the end of the line for many years, until PEPCO eventually developed the line farther up the river. The interurban service was abandoned in 1933, but the line remained intact and usable for freight service for many more years; for example, an excursion by railfans in an old interurban car covered the line in 1953."Railway Fans On Last Ride; Old No. 1101 In Final Battle" (June 23, 1953). The Oregonian, Section 3, p. 5. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Clackamas County, Oregon Category:Unincorporated communities in Oregon Category:Railway towns in Oregon "
"John M. J. Madey (28 February 1943 \- 5 July 2016) was a professor of Physics at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, a former director of the Free Electron Laser Laboratory at Duke University, and formerly a professor (research) at Stanford University. He is best known for his development of the free-electron laser (FEL) at Stanford University in the 1970s.New Light: What is free electron laser, Isamu Sato, International Symposium of Maxillofacial and Oral regenerative biology in Okayama (2003) Raised in Clark, New Jersey, Madey and his older brother Jules took an early interest in ham radio. In 1956, when John was 13 and Jules was 16, they began relaying communications from the south pole to families and friends in the United States. While an undergraduate at the California Institute of Technology, he had a discussion where the question came up as to whether or not it was possible to enhance the transition rate for bremsstrahlung through stimulated emission. Madey received a BS degree in Physics and a MS degree in Quantum Electronics from the California Institute of Technology in 1964 and 1965. He continued thinking about the stimulated emission question while working on his doctoral degree at Stanford, when he invented the free-electron laser. He was awarded a PhD in 1970, and appointed as Professor (Research) of Electrical Engineering in 1986. Madey's free-electron laser patent (US 5130994), filed June 25, 1991, issued July 14, 1992 Stanford University refused to patent this idea so Madey filed for a patent on his own. In the following years, he developed an innovative laser research program which was highly regarded in the scientific community. An opportunity arose for Madey to leave Stanford, taking a tenured position at the Physics Department of Duke University, which Madey accepted in 1988, moving his FEL research laboratory with him in 1989. This laboratory contained substantial equipment which required Duke to build an addition to its physics building to house the lab. In addition, while at Stanford, Madey had obtained sole ownership of two patents practiced by some of the equipment in the FEL lab. Patent litigation At Duke, Madey served for almost a decade as director of the FEL lab. During that time the lab continued to achieve success both in securing research funding and in generating scientific breakthroughs. A dispute arose, however, between Madey and Duke. Duke contends that, despite his scientific prowess, Madey had ineffectively managed the lab, resulting in a negative external review of the science and management in his lab. Madey contends that Duke sought to use the lab’s equipment for research areas outside the allocated scope of certain government funding, and that when he objected, Duke sought to remove him as lab director. Duke eventually removed Madey as director of the lab in 1997. The removal is not at issue in this appeal, however, it is the genesis of a unique patent infringement case. As a result of his removal from the directorship, Madey resigned from Duke in 1998. Duke, however, continued to operate some of the equipment in the lab. Madey then sued Duke for patent infringement of his two patents, and brought a variety of other claims. Initially, Madey suffered judicial setback, but later appeals courts found in his favor and made a historic judgment in his favor. In Madey v. Duke University, 307 F.3d 1351, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2002)], the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals on October 3, 2002 effectively ended a 170-year-old practice of allowing scientists to freely borrow patented technologies for limited use in basic research that is not aimed at commercial use. Awards Madey was awarded the Stuart Ballantine Medal from The Franklin Institute in 1989. Madey received the 2012 Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators, from the American Physical Society "For the invention and first experimental demonstration of the free electron laser and important contributions to its conceptual development." Madey was awarded the Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics in 2016. References Category:1943 births Category:2016 deaths Category: American physicists Category:Experimental physicists Category:Laser researchers Category:Accelerator physicists Category:Free- electron lasers Category:Duke University faculty "
"personal foul may refer to: Sports = Rules * Personal foul (American football), a type of penalty in American football * Personal foul (basketball) * Personal foul (field lacrosse) * Personal foul (water polo) Other sports *Personal Foul (book), a tell all book written by convicted NBA referee Tim Donaghy Other *"Personal Foul" (CSI: NY), an episode of the American television series Crime Scene Investigation "